{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:55:36Z","timestamp":1772780136949,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, 700 Av. General Ram\u00f3n Corona 2514, Zapopan, Jalisco 45201, M\u00e9xico.","award":["MX234509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MX234509"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The defocus or motion effect in images is one of the main reasons for the blurry regions in digital images. It can affect the image artifacts up to some extent. However, there is a need for automatic defocus segmentation to separate blurred and sharp regions to extract the information about defocus-blur objects in some specific areas, for example, scene enhancement and object detection or recognition in defocus-blur images. The existence of defocus-blur segmentation algorithms is less prominent in noise and also costly for designing metric maps of local clarity. In this research, the authors propose a novel and robust defocus-blur segmentation scheme consisting of a Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) measured alongside Pulse Coupled Neural Network (PCNN) technique. The proposed scheme segments the blur region from blurred fragments in the image scene to resolve the limitations mentioned above of the existing defocus segmentation methods. It is noticed that the extracted fusion of upper and lower patterns of proposed sharpness-measure yields more noticeable results in terms of regions and edges compared to referenced algorithms. Besides, the suggested parameters in the proposed descriptor can be flexible to modify for performing numerous settings. To test the proposed scheme\u2019s effectiveness, it is experimentally compared with eight referenced techniques along with a defocus-blur dataset of 1000 semi blurred images of numerous categories. The model adopted various evaluation metrics comprised of Precision, recall, and F1-Score, which improved the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed scheme. Moreover, the proposed scheme used some other flavors of evaluation parameters, e.g., Accuracy, Matthews Correlation-Coefficient (MCC), Dice-Similarity-Coefficient (DSC), and Specificity for ensuring provable evaluation results. Furthermore, the fuzzy-logic-based ranking approach of Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) module is also observed in the promising integrity analysis of the defocus blur segmentation and also in minimizing the time complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T21:23:55Z","timestamp":1648848235000},"page":"2724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["An Efficient Defocus Blur Segmentation Scheme Based on Hybrid LTP and PCNN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9876-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Basar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0974-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Northern University, Nowshera 24100, Pakistan"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3697-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mushtaq","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleem","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science & Information Technology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6623-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Zareei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Zapopan 45201, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6053-3384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh Roshan","family":"Biswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Zapopan 45201, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Graf, F., Kriegel, H.-P., and Weiler, M. 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