{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:31:12Z","timestamp":1762608672510,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61971114;62074027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971114;62074027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a very promising material for fabricating flexible infrared sensors due to its ferroelectricity as well as excellent flexibility and low fabrication cost. This work focuses on improving PVDF\u2019s pyroelectric performance by creating microstructures in the film. Simulation results suggest that the pyroelectric response of PVDF film can be improved if micro groove, square-pit or sinusoidal patterns are created on the film surface, with the grooved film showing the best pyroelectric performance. Suggested by the simulation results, flexible PVDF samples with groove structure are prepared by casting the precursor solution on the mold with designed patterns. Measurement results demonstrate that the optimal microstructured PVDF film can improve its pyroelectric performance by as high as 146%, which is in good agreement with the simulations. This work provides an innovative way of achieving flexible infrared sensor devices with promoted performance based on pyroelectric polymers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T06:04:01Z","timestamp":1648965841000},"page":"2730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microstructured PVDF Film with Improved Performance as Flexible Infrared Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hongjian","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weizhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruilin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanjie","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00150198108008086","article-title":"A brief guide to pyroelectric detectors","volume":"33","author":"Porter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/00150197608241956","article-title":"Critical assessment of pyroelectric detectors","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"168","article-title":"Important applications of IRFPA imaging devices","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1722201","article-title":"Dynamic method for measuring the pyroelectric effect with special reference to barium titanate","volume":"27","author":"Chynoweth","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0891(80)90021-4","article-title":"The possibility of background limited pyroelectric detectors","volume":"20","author":"Putley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infrared Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0250-6874(89)87008-8","article-title":"Pyroelectric infrared-CCD image sensor using LiTaO3","volume":"16","author":"Okuyama","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01105034","article-title":"Modified triglycine sulphate (TGS) single crystals for pyroelectric infrared detector applications","volume":"27","author":"Banan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/00150190701368166","article-title":"Investigations of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 single crystals for pyroelectric applications in the wide temperature range","volume":"353","author":"Bravina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1865337","article-title":"Pyroelectric properties of [111]-oriented Pb(Mg1\/3Nb2\/3)O3\u2013PbTiO3 crystals","volume":"86","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2106014","article-title":"Large Pyroelectric Response in Relaxor-Based Ferroelectric (1\u2212x)Pb(Mg1\/3Nb2\/3)O3-xPbTiO3 Single Crystals","volume":"98","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Chung, W.Y., Sun, T.P., Chin, Y.L., and Kao, Y.L. (1996, January 15). Design of pyroelectric IR readout circuit based on LiTaO3 detectors. Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4335","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1657195","article-title":"Pyroelectric effect in barium titanate ceramic","volume":"40","author":"Lang","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.07.150","article-title":"Pyroelectric performances of 1-3 ferroelectric composites based on barium titanate nanowires\/polyvinylidene fluoride","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3475482","article-title":"Pyroelectric properties of barium strontium titanate films: Effect of thermal stresses","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242911","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4812195","article-title":"Pyroelectric response mechanism of barium strontium titanate ceramics in dielectric bolometer mode: The underlying essence of the enhancing effect of direct current bias field","volume":"102","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4833555","article-title":"Pyroelectric response of lead zirconate titanate thin films on silicon: Effect of thermal stresses","volume":"114","author":"Kesim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015025","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/1\/015025","article-title":"Improved pyroelectric performance for thin film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) capacitors with IrO2 electrodes","volume":"25","author":"Hanrahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1109\/58.883530","article-title":"An integrated 16\/spl times\/16 PVDF pyroelectric sensor array","volume":"47","author":"Binnie","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(98)00050-8","article-title":"Monolithic pyroelectric infrared image sensor using PVDF thin film","volume":"66","author":"Fujitsuka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00323602","article-title":"Investigation of poling field effects on PVDF pyroelectric detectors: Photoacoustic thermal diffusivity measurements","volume":"50","author":"Franzan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/10584589508019366","article-title":"Pyroelectric thin film sensors and arrays based on P (VDF\/TrFE)","volume":"6","author":"Neumann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Integr. Ferroelectr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-4247(94)00842-6","article-title":"Pyroelectric single-element and linear-array sensors based on P (VDF\/TrFE) thin films","volume":"45","author":"Neumann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-4247(94)80059-6","article-title":"Application of VDF\/TrFE copolymer for pyroelectric image sensors","volume":"42","author":"Setiadi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2492-7","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive strain sensor based on flexible poly (vinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric film","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500661","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500661","article-title":"Fingertip skin\u2013inspired microstructured ferroelectric skins discriminate static\/dynamic pressure and temperature stimuli","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b09502","article-title":"Enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting performance of flexible PVDF-TrFE bilayer films with graphene oxide","volume":"8","author":"Bhavanasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302869","article-title":"A flexible bimodal sensor array for simultaneous sensing of pressure and temperature","volume":"26","author":"Tien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200801831","article-title":"Utilizing highly crystalline pyroelectric material as functional gate dielectric in organic thin-film transistors","volume":"21","author":"Tien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201404582","article-title":"Infrared detection using transparent and flexible field-effect transistor array with solution processable nanocomposite channel of reduced graphene oxide and P (VDF-TrFE)","volume":"25","author":"Trung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905703","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201905703","article-title":"Carbon Nanolights in Piezopolymers are Self-Organizing Toward Color Tunable Luminous Hybrids for Kinetic Energy Harvesting","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045040","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab7737","article-title":"Transparent and flexible hybrid nanogenerator with welded silver nanowire networks as the electrodes for mechanical energy harvesting and physiological signal monitoring","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104397","article-title":"Dynamic piezo-thermoelectric generator for simultaneously harvesting mechanical and thermal energies","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106321","article-title":"Piezoelectric fiber composites with polydopamine interfacial layer for self-powered wearable biomonitoring","volume":"89","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1592292","article-title":"Pyroelectric properties of ferroelectric ceramic\/ferroelectric polymer 0\u20133 composites","volume":"94","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1787586","article-title":"Dielectric and pyroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate\/polyurethane composites","volume":"96","author":"Lam","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(00)00193-7","article-title":"Poling study of PZT\/P (VDF\u2013TrFE) composites","volume":"61","author":"Ploss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/713715895","article-title":"Pyroelectric response of PZT-PVDF nanocomposites of (0\u20133) connectivity","volume":"267","author":"Hilczer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1109\/94.868071","article-title":"Pyroelectric activity of ferroelectric PT\/PVDF-TRFE","volume":"7","author":"Ploss","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/10584580215472","article-title":"Properties of PT\/P (VDF-TrFE) pyroelectric sensor based on plastic film substrate","volume":"49","author":"Ningyl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Integr. Ferroelectr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(00)00453-2","article-title":"Integrated pyroelectric array based on PCLT\/P (VDF-TrFE) composite","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200500313","article-title":"Microstructure and electromechanical properties of carbon nanotube\/poly (vinylidene fluoride\u2014trifluoroethylene\u2014chlorofluoroethylene) composites","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.Y. (2012). Fundamental Research on Pyroelectric Composite Materials and Its Arrays. [Ph.D. Thesis, Huazhong University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Aggarwal, M.D., Currie, J.R., Penn, B.G., Batra, A.K., and Lal, R.B. (2007). Polymer-Ceramic Composite Materials for Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors: An Overview, NASA Technical Memorandum."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105442","article-title":"A review on piezo-and pyroelectric responses of flexible nano-and micropatterned polymer surfaces for biomedical sensing and energy harvesting applications","volume":"79","author":"Surmenev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085030","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/8\/085030","article-title":"Microstructure fabrication on a \u03b2-phase PVDF film by wet and dry etching technology","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2016.2606127","article-title":"Characterisation and Modelling of Meshed Electrodes on Free Standing Polyvilylidene Difluoride (PVDF) Films for Enhanced Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting","volume":"63","author":"Zabek","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Measurement Specialties, Inc. (2018). Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual, Measurement Specialties, Inc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.04.118","article-title":"Piezoelectric \u03b2-polymorph formation and properties enhancement in graphene oxide\u2014PVDF nanocomposite films","volume":"258","author":"Achaby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/7\/2730\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:48:48Z","timestamp":1760136528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/7\/2730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22072730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22072730","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]}}}