{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:50:11Z","timestamp":1781592611326,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42021004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42021004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and a Leitner Award for Uncommon Collaboration","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is known to vary spatially across a city landscape. Current networks of regulatory air quality monitoring are too sparse to capture these intra-city variations. In this study, we developed a low-cost (60 USD) portable PM2.5 monitor called Smart-P, for use on bicycles, with the goal of mapping street-level variations in PM2.5 concentration. The Smart-P is compact in size (85 \u00d7 85 \u00d7 42 mm) and light in weight (147 g). Data communication and geolocation are achieved with the cyclist\u2019s smartphone with the help of a user-friendly app. Good agreement was observed between the Smart-P monitors and a regulatory-grade monitor (mean bias error: \u22123.0 to 1.5 \u03bcg m\u22123 for the four monitors tested) in ambient conditions with relative humidity ranging from 38 to 100%. Monitor performance decreased in humidity &gt; 70% condition. The measurement precision, represented as coefficient of variation, was 6 to 9% in stationary mode and 6% in biking mode across the four tested monitors. Street tests in a city with low background PM2.5 concentrations (8 to 9 \u03bcg m\u22123) and in two cities with high background concentrations (41 to 74 \u03bcg m\u22123) showed that the Smart-P was capable of observing local emission hotspots and that its measurement was not sensitive to bicycle speed. The low-cost and user-friendly nature are two features that make the Smart-P a good choice for empowering citizen scientists to participate in local air quality monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T05:50:43Z","timestamp":1649051443000},"page":"2767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development and Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Portable PM2.5 Monitor for Mobile Deployment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mingjian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agriculture Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weichang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agriculture Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colby","family":"Buehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"},{"name":"Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health (SEARCH), School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew R.","family":"Gentner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"},{"name":"Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health (SEARCH), School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15371","article-title":"The Contribution of Outdoor Air Pollution Sources to Premature Mortality on a Global Scale","volume":"525","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (2019). 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