{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:38:22Z","timestamp":1780105102330,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFE9134700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE9134700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 61074142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 61074142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EC H2020 Project","award":["690713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["690713"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of ship\u2013bridge collisions should be evaluated using advanced models to consider different anti-collision and bridge-protection measures. This study aimed to propose a method to evaluate the effectiveness of active and passive safety measures in preventing ship\u2013bridge collision. A novel ship\u2013bridge collision probability formulation taking into consideration different safety measures was proposed. The model was applied at Jintang Bridge in China where the surrounding vessel traffic is ultra-crowded. We calculated the collision probability between the bridge and passing traffic using automatic identification system (AIS) data, Monte Carlo simulation, and Bayesian networks. Results under four different safety measures (i.e., active measures, passive measures, both measures and none) were analyzed and compared. The analysis concluded that both active and passive safety measures are effective in reducing the ship\u2013bridge collision probability. Active measures, if deployed properly, can provide protection at an equivalent level than passive measures against collision risks. However, passive measures, such as setting arresting cables, are necessary in cases where the response time of the active measures is long. The proposed method and the results obtained from the case study may be useful for robust and systematic effectiveness evaluation of safety measures in other cases worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T05:13:08Z","timestamp":1649481188000},"page":"2857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Active and Passive Safety Measures in Preventing Ship\u2013Bridge Collision"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7678-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Ningbo University Sub-Centre, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yini","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Ningbo University Sub-Centre, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4260-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manel","family":"Grifoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Innovative Transportation, Barcelona School of Nautical Studies, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC\u2014BarcelonaTech), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Ningbo University Sub-Centre, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3834-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengjun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"National Traffic Management Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Ningbo University Sub-Centre, Ningbo 315832, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (2012). 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