{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:10:43Z","timestamp":1789182643671,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous urban expansion transforms the natural land cover into impervious surfaces across the world. It increases the city\u2019s thermal intensity that impacts the local climate, thus, warming the urban environment. Surface urban heat island (SUHI) is an indicator of quantifying such local urban warming. In this study, we quantified SUHI for the two most populated cities in Alberta, Canada, i.e., the city of Calgary and the city of Edmonton. We used the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) acquired land surface temperature (LST) to estimate the day and nighttime SUHI and its trends during 2001\u20132020. We also performed a correlation analysis between SUHI and selected seven influencing factors, such as urban expansion, population, precipitation, and four large-scale atmospheric oscillations, i.e., Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Pacific North America (PNA), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO). Our results indicated a continuous increase in the annual day and nighttime SUHI values from 2001 to 2020 in both cities, with a higher magnitude found for Calgary. Moreover, the highest value of daytime SUHI was observed in July for both cities. While significant warming trends of SUHI were noticed in the annual daytime for the cities, only Calgary showed it in the annual nighttime. The monthly significant warming trends of SUHI showed an increasing pattern during daytime in June, July, August, and September in Calgary, and March and September in Edmonton. Here, only Calgary showed the nighttime significant warming trends in March, May, and August. Further, our correlation analysis indicated that population and built-up expansion were the main factors that influenced the SUHI in the cities during the study period. Moreover, SST indicated an acceptable relationship with SUHI in Edmonton only, while PDO, PNA, and AO did not show any relation in either of the two cities. We conclude that population, built-up size, and landscape pattern could better explain the variations of the SUHI intensity and trends. These findings may help to develop the adaptation and mitigating strategies in fighting the impact of SUHI and ensure a sustainable city environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T06:02:54Z","timestamp":1649570574000},"page":"2894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Urban Warming of the Two Most Populated Cities in the Canadian Province of Alberta, and Its Influencing Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ifeanyi R.","family":"Ejiagha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4771-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Razu","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5594-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Dewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Sciences Discipline, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5645-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Resource Stewardship Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, University Research Park, Calgary, AB T2L 2K8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rangelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7034-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quazi K.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seto, K.C., Fragkias, M., Guneralp, B., and Reilly, M.K. 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