{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:09:57Z","timestamp":1780495797582,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, the location recognition and positioning system are the essential parts of unmanned vehicles. Among them, location estimation under GPS-denied environments is currently being studied using IMU, Wi-Fi, and VLC, but there are problems such as cumulative errors, hardware complexity, and precision positioning. To address this problem with the current positioning system, the present study proposed a lane positioning technique by analyzing the chromaticity coordinates, judging from the color temperature of LED lights in tunnels. The tunnel environment was built using LEDs with three color temperatures, and to solve nonlinear problems such as lane positioning from chromaticity analysis, a single input single output fuzzy algorithm was developed to estimate the position of an object on lanes using chromaticity values of signals measured by RGB sensors. The RGB value measured by the sensor removes the disturbance through the pre-processing filter, accepts only the tunnel LED information, and estimates where it is located on the x-distance indicating the lane position through a fuzzy algorithm. Finally, the performance of the fuzzy algorithm was evaluated through experiments, and the accuracy was shown with an average error of less than 4.86%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:48:45Z","timestamp":1649803725000},"page":"2912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Determination of Traffic Lane in Tunnel and Positioning of Autonomous Vehicles Using Chromaticity of LED Lights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Joo","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Hyeon","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi-Sig","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6189-0268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Mechanical System Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok-Geun","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of IT, Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8198-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-Hyeon","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Liberal Education & Interdisciplinary Major of Maritime AI Convergence, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Man","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju 26403, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hoon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of IT, Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.12815\/kits.2017.16.1.186","article-title":"The Tunnel Lane Positioning System of an Autonomous Vehicle in the LED Lighting","volume":"16","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Inst. Intel. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jeong, J.H., Kim, M., and Byun, G.S. (2017). Position Recognition for an Autonomous Vehicle Based on Vehicle-to-Led Infrastructure. AETA 2016: Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering and Related Sciences, Springer. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2018-0192","article-title":"Tunnel lane-positioning system for autonomous driving cars using LED chromaticity and fuzzy logic system","volume":"41","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J.-H., and Park, K. (2021). Numerical Analysis of 2-D Positioned, Indoor, Fuzzy-Logic, Autonomous Navigation System Based on Chromaticity and Frequency-Component Analysis of LED Light. 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Introduction to Color Reproduction Technology, JINSEM MEDIA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/2912\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:51:28Z","timestamp":1760136688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/2912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22082912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22082912","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]}}}