{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:01:26Z","timestamp":1760151686689,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-108953RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108953RB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud-induced photovoltaic variability can affect grid stability and power quality, especially in electricity systems with high penetration levels. The availability of irradiance field forecasts in the scale of seconds and meters is fundamental for an adequate control of photovoltaic systems in order to minimize their impact on distribution networks. Irradiance sensor networks have proved to be efficient tools for supporting these forecasts, but the costs of monitoring systems with the required specifications are economically justified only for large plants and research purposes. This study deals with the design and test of a wireless irradiance sensor network as an adaptable operational solution for photovoltaic systems capable of meeting the measurement specifications necessary for capturing the clouds passage. The network was based on WiFi, comprised 16 pyranometers, and proved to be stable at sampling periods up to 25 ms, providing detailed spatial representations of the irradiance field and its evolution. As a result, the developed network was capable of achieving comparable specifications to research wired irradiance monitoring network with the advantages in costs and flexibility of the wireless technology, thus constituting a valuable tool for supporting nowcasting systems for photovoltaic management and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:48:45Z","timestamp":1649803725000},"page":"2928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Design and Test of a High-Performance Wireless Sensor Network for Irradiance Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2510-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Jes\u00fas","family":"Espinosa-Gavira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group PAIDI-TIC-168, Computational Instrumentation and Industrial Electronics (ICEI), University of Cadiz, ETSI of Algeciras, Av. Ramonn Puyol S\/N, Algeciras, 11202 Cadiz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6662-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Ag\u00fcera-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group PAIDI-TIC-168, Computational Instrumentation and Industrial Electronics (ICEI), University of Cadiz, ETSI of Algeciras, Av. Ramonn Puyol S\/N, Algeciras, 11202 Cadiz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Sierra-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group PAIDI-TIC-168, Computational Instrumentation and Industrial Electronics (ICEI), University of Cadiz, ETSI of Algeciras, Av. Ramonn Puyol S\/N, Algeciras, 11202 Cadiz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez de-la-Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group PAIDI-TIC-168, Computational Instrumentation and Industrial Electronics (ICEI), University of Cadiz, ETSI of Algeciras, Av. Ramonn Puyol S\/N, Algeciras, 11202 Cadiz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0096-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Palomares-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group PAIDI-TIC-168, Computational Instrumentation and Industrial Electronics (ICEI), University of Cadiz, ETSI of Algeciras, Av. Ramonn Puyol S\/N, Algeciras, 11202 Cadiz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Florencias-Oliveros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group PAIDI-TIC-168, Computational Instrumentation and Industrial Electronics (ICEI), University of Cadiz, ETSI of Algeciras, Av. Ramonn Puyol S\/N, Algeciras, 11202 Cadiz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IEA (2022, March 14). Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2021. Available online: www.Iea-Pvps.Org."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.07.015","article-title":"Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potential problems-A review","volume":"14","author":"Eltawil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. 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