{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:59:57Z","timestamp":1760151597000,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Amazon Paraense Foundation of Studies","award":["2019\/589349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/589349"]}]},{"name":"Research Funding and the National Council of Research Development","award":["431748\/2016-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431748\/2016-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evaluation of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) requires high-cost and complex handling systems, only available at research laboratories. New alternative methods are being developed in this field, on the other hand, to solve this issue and allow applicability in clinic, sport and hospital environments. The objective of this study was to validate an app for mobile devices to measure the APAs during gait initiation by comparing the signals obtained from cell phones using the Momentum app with measurements made by a kinematic system. The center-of-mass accelerations of a total of 20 healthy subjects were measured by the above app, which read the inertial sensors of the smartphones, and by kinematics, with a reflective marker positioned on their lumbar spine. The subjects took a step forward after hearing a command from an experimenter. The variables of the anticipatory phase, prior to the heel-off and the step phase, were measured. In the anticipatory phase, the linear correlation of all variables measured by the two measurement techniques was significant and indicated a high correlation between the devices (APAonset: r = 0.95, p &lt; 0.0001; APAamp: r = 0.71, p = 0.003, and PEAKtime: r = 0.95, p &lt; 0.0001). The linear correlation between the two measurement techniques for the step phase variables measured by ques was also significant (STEPinterval: r = 0.56, p = 0.008; STEPpeak1: r = 0.79, p &lt; 0.0001; and STEPpeak2: r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.0001). The Bland\u2013Altman graphs indicated agreement between instruments with similar behavior as well as subjects within confidence limits and low dispersion. Thus, using the Momentum cell phone application is valid for the assessment of APAs during gait initiation compared to the gold standard instrument (kinematics), proving to be a useful, less complex, and less costly alternative for the assessment of healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:48:45Z","timestamp":1649803725000},"page":"2935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Validity and Reliability of Smartphone App for Evaluating Postural Adjustments during Step Initiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Anderson Antunes","family":"da Costa Moraes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motricity Studies Laboratory, Av. General\u00edssimo Deodoro 01, Bel\u00e9m 66073-000, PA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Manuela Brito","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motricity Studies Laboratory, Av. General\u00edssimo Deodoro 01, Bel\u00e9m 66073-000, PA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Veloso","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motricity Studies Laboratory, Av. General\u00edssimo Deodoro 01, Bel\u00e9m 66073-000, PA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gizele Cristina","family":"da Silva Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motricity Studies Laboratory, Av. General\u00edssimo Deodoro 01, Bel\u00e9m 66073-000, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8927-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo Gabriel","family":"da Rocha Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, R. Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66093-020, PA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Henrique Lima","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, R. Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66093-020, PA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Paulo Rui","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral and Master\u2019s Program in Physical Therapy, UNICID, 448\/475 Ces\u00e1rio Galeno St., S\u00e3o Paulo 03071-000, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar Ferreira","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral and Master\u2019s Program in Physical Therapy, UNICID, 448\/475 Ces\u00e1rio Galeno St., S\u00e3o Paulo 03071-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Programme de Physioth\u00e9rapie de L\u2019universit\u00e9 McGill Offert en Extension \u00e0 l\u2019UQAC, Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1,Canada"},{"name":"Physical Therapy and Neuroscience Departments, Wertheims\u2019 Colleges of Nursing and Health Sciences and Medicine, Florida International University (FIU), Miami, FL 33199, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3022-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 dos Santos","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Par\u00e1 State University, Tv. Perebebu\u00ed, 2623\u2014Marco, Bel\u00e9m 66087-662, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5265-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anselmo","family":"de Athayde Costa e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Movement Science, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Av. General\u00edssimo Deodoro 01, Bel\u00e9m 66073-000, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4525-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Givago Silva","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, R. Augusto Corr\u00eaa 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Avenida General\u00edssimo Deodoro 92, Bel\u00e9m 66055-240, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9151-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Callegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motricity Studies Laboratory, Av. General\u00edssimo Deodoro 01, Bel\u00e9m 66073-000, PA, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00352","article-title":"Anticipatory postural adjustments during gait initiation in stroke patients","volume":"10","author":"Delafontaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e9lat, T., Coudrat, L., Ferrel-Chapus, C., and Vernazza-Martin, S. (2018). The duration of emotional image exposure does not impact anticipatory postural adjustments during gait initiation. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8110195"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"7","article-title":"As fun\u00e7\u00f5es do controle postural durante a postura ereta","volume":"10","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fisioter. E Pesqui."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(94)90137-6","article-title":"Postural control system","volume":"4","author":"Massion","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4835-x","article-title":"Predictable and Unpredictable Direction","volume":"235","author":"Piscitelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.08.015","article-title":"Validity and reliability of an IMU-based method to detect APAs prior to gait initiation","volume":"43","author":"Mancini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.032","article-title":"Cortical control of anticipatory postural adjustments prior to stepping","volume":"313","author":"Varghese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.04.050","article-title":"Fear of Falling Alters Anticipatory Postural Control during Cued Gait Initiation","volume":"438","author":"Ellmers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4665-x","article-title":"Anticipatory postural adjustments are unaffected by age and are not absent in patients with the freezing of gait phenomenon","volume":"234","author":"Plate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.06.013","article-title":"Wearable Movement Sensors for Rehabilitation: A Focused Review of Technological and Clinical Advances","volume":"10","author":"Porciuncula","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25684","article-title":"Objective biomarkers of balance and gait for Parkinson\u2019s disease using body-worn sensors","volume":"28","author":"Horak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25628","article-title":"Quantitative wearable sensors for objective assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Maetzler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-22562017020.170017","article-title":"Development of an application for mobile devices to evaluate the balance and risk of falls of the elderly","volume":"20","author":"Sampaio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Geriatr. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.027","article-title":"Best Core Stabilization for Anticipatory Postural Adjustment and Falls in Hemiparetic Stroke","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09570-z","article-title":"Developing a smartphone application, triaxial accelerometer-based, to quantify static and dynamic balance deficits in patients with cerebellar ataxias","volume":"267","author":"Arcuria","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.10.005","article-title":"Smartphone technology can measure postural stability and discriminate fall risk in older adults","volume":"67","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00819.2018","article-title":"A review on screening tests for vestibular disorders","volume":"122","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-8-17","article-title":"Detection of anticipatory postural adjustments prior to gait initiation using inertial wearable sensors","volume":"8","author":"Sekine","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbott, J.C., Wagle, J.P., Sato, K., Painter, K., Light, T.J., and Stone, M.H. (2020). Validation of Inertial Sensor to Measure Barbell Kinematics across a Spectrum of Loading Conditions. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8070093"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Amri, M., Nicholas, K., Button, K., Sparkes, V., Sheeran, L., and Davies, J.L. (2018). Inertial measurement units for clinical movement analysis: Reliability and concurrent validity. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030719"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.08.002","article-title":"A systematic review of balance and fall risk assessments with mobile phone technology","volume":"73","author":"Roeing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.09.013","article-title":"Does a Sway-Based Mobile Application Predict Future Falls in People With Parkinson Disease?","volume":"101","author":"Fiems","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9753898","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9753898","article-title":"Applicability of Smartphone for Dynamic Postural Stability Evaluation","volume":"2019","author":"Polechonski","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25085","article-title":"Gait after stroke: Initial deficit and changes in temporal patterns for each gait phase","volume":"82","author":"Goldie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-021-01760-5","article-title":"Gait and Balance Assessments using Smartphone Applications in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"45","author":"Abou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25451","DOI":"10.2196\/25451","article-title":"Simple smartphone-based assessment of gait characteristics in Parkinson disease: Validation study","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.04.004","article-title":"Construct validity and test-retest reliability of a free mobile application for spatio-temporal gait analysis in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"79","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-020-00551-6","article-title":"Feasibility of Smartphone-Based Gait Assessment for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"40","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/2935\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:52:09Z","timestamp":1760136729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/2935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22082935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22082935","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]}}}