{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:01:13Z","timestamp":1760151673531,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT) have to cater to the diverse and varying needs of different stakeholders, devices, sensors, applications, networks, and access technologies that come together for a dedicated IoT network for a synergistic purpose. Therefore, there is a need for a solution that can assimilate the various requirements and policies to dynamically and intelligently orchestrate them in the dedicated IoT network. Thus we identify and describe a representative industry-relevant use case for such a smart and adaptive environment through interviews with experts from a leading telecommunication vendor. We further propose and evaluate candidate architectures to achieve dynamic and intelligent orchestration in such a smart environment using a systematic approach for architecture design and by engaging six senior domain and IoT experts. The candidate architecture with an adaptive and intelligent element (\u201cSmart AAA agent\u201d) was found superior for modifiability, scalability, and performance in the assessments. This architecture also explores the enhanced role of authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) and makes the base for complete orchestration. The results indicate that the proposed architecture can meet the requirements for a dedicated IoT network, which may be used in further research or as a reference for industry solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22083017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"3017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Smart and Adaptive Architecture for a Dedicated Internet of Things Network Comprised of Diverse Entities: A Proposal and Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2015-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shailesh Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ericsson Research & Development, 37133 Karlskrona, Sweden"},{"name":"Blekinge Institute of Technology, 37179 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7266-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nauman Bin","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blekinge Institute of Technology, 37179 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blekinge Institute of Technology, 37179 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2948888","article-title":"A Comprehensive Survey on Internet of Things (IoT) toward 5G Wireless Systems","volume":"7","author":"Chettri","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cero, E., Barakovi\u0107 Husi\u0107, J., and Barakovi\u0107, S. (2017). IoT\u2019s Tiny Steps towards 5G: Telco\u2019s Perspective. Symmetry, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9100213"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-018-2821-8","article-title":"Cloud and IoT-based emerging services systems","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, S., Sastry, N., Holland, O., Friderikos, V., Dohler, M., and Aghvami, H. (2017, January 18\u201320). Virtualized authentication, authorization and accounting (V-AAA) in 5G networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN), Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN.2017.8088618"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2498304","article-title":"The Virtual Object as a Major Element of the Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"18","author":"Nitti","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6525602","article-title":"Enabling smart cities through a cognitive management framework for the internet of things","volume":"51","author":"Vlacheas","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010","article-title":"The Internet of Things: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Atzori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Singh, S.P., Sidorova, J., Bin Ali, N., and Lundberg, L. (2019, January 17). From Traditional to Next Generation AAA: A reference Architecture for a Dedicated IoT Network. Proceedings of the IV International Scientific Conference \u201cConvergent Cognitive Information Technologies\u201d, Moscow, Russia. Available online: http:\/\/it-edu.oit.cmc.msu.ru\/index.php\/convergent\/convergent2019\/paper\/view\/1122."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5194\/ars-16-59-2018","article-title":"Future integrated communication network architectures enabling heterogeneous service provision","volume":"16","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42828","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977406","article-title":"5G is Real: Evaluating the Compliance of the 3GPP 5G New Radio System with the ITU IMT-2020 Requirements","volume":"8","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhabbas, F., Spalazzese, R., and Davidsson, P. (2020). An Agent-Based Approach to Realize Emergent Configurations in the Internet of Things. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091347"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellavista, P., Giannelli, C., Lanzone, S., Riberto, G., Stefanelli, C., and Tortonesi, M. (2017). A Middleware Solution for Wireless IoT Applications in Sparse Smart Cities. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112525"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115322","article-title":"An agent-based distributed real-time optimal control strategy for building HVAC systems for applications in the context of future IoT-based smart sensor networks","volume":"274","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21290","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2898316","article-title":"Context-Awareness Enhances 5G Multi-Access Edge Computing Reliability","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothe, L., Loske, M., and Gertler, D.G. (2018, January 5\u20137). Proposing Context-Aware Authentication for the Industrial Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Conference on Internet of Things (GCIoT), Alexandria, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCIoT.2018.8620138"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarca, A.M., Garcia-Carrillo, D., Bernabe, J.B., Ortiz, J., Marin-Perez, R., and Skarmeta, A. (2018, January 4\u20137). Managing AAA in NFV\/SDN-enabled IoT scenarios. Proceedings of the 2018 Global Internet of Things Summit, GIoTS, Bilbao, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2018.8534551"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarca, A.M., Garcia-Carrillo, D., Bernabe, J.B., Ortiz, J., Marin-Perez, R., and Skarmeta, A. (2019). Enabling virtual AAA management in SDN-based IoT networks. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020295"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2017.33","article-title":"Continuous authentication and authorization for the internet of things","volume":"21","author":"Shahzad","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2021, January 20). Mobile Cloud Gaming\u2014Mobility Report\u2014Ericsson. Available online: https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/en\/mobility-report\/articles\/mobile-cloud-gaming."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3059752","article-title":"Multi-Agent Based Autonomic Network Management Architecture","volume":"18","author":"Arzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2924","article-title":"IoT-fog-cloud based architecture for smart systems: Prototypes of autism and COVID-19 monitoring systems","volume":"51","author":"Kallel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raposo, D., Rodrigues, A., Sinche, S., Silva, J.S., and Boavida, F. (2018). Industrial IoT monitoring: Technologies and architecture proposal. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103568"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santamaria, A.F., Raimondo, P., Tropea, M., De Rango, F., and Aiello, C. (2019). An IoT surveillance system based on a decentralised architecture. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061469"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2016.20","article-title":"Reference architectures for the internet of things","volume":"33","author":"Weyrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2017.28","article-title":"Software Engineering for the Internet of Things","volume":"34","author":"Larrucea","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahmideh, M., Abbasi, A.A., Behnaz, A., Grundy, J., and Susilo, W. (2021). Software Engineering for Internet of Things. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3070692"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trnka, M., Cerny, T., and Stickney, N. (2018). Survey of Authentication and Authorization for the Internet of Things. Secur. Commun. Netw., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4351603"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.05.024","article-title":"A general model of software architecture design derived from five industrial approaches","volume":"80","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018). TR276 Introducing 5G Monetization R18.5, TM Forum."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-008-9102-8","article-title":"Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering","volume":"14","author":"Runeson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegmann, A., Kotsalainen, A., Matthey, L., Regev, G., and Giannattasio, A. (2008, January 15\u201319). Augmenting the Zachman Enterprise Architecture Framework with a Systemic Conceptualization. Proceedings of the 2008 12th International IEEE Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDOC.2008.49"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/JSIT-06-2017-0047","article-title":"Implementation of the enterprise architecture through the Zachman Framework","volume":"20","author":"Iyamu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Syst. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazman, R., Abowd, G., Bass, L., and Clements, P. (1996). Scenario-Based Analysis of Software Architecture, Software Engineering Institute.","DOI":"10.1109\/52.542294"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ionita, M.T., Hammer, D.K., and Obbink, H. (2002, January 19\u201325). Scenario-based software architecture evaluation methods: An overview. Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods and Techniques for Software Architecture Review and Assessment at the International Conference on Software Engineering, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kazman, R., Bass, L., Abowd, G., and Webb, M. (1994, January 16\u201321). SAAM: A method for analyzing the properties of software architectures. Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering, Sorrento, Italy."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daramola, O., and Thebus, D. (2020). Architecture-Centric Evaluation of Blockchain-Based Smart Contract E-Voting for National Elections. Informatics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics7020016"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, B., Mondal, A.K., Roy, C.K., Schneider, K.A., and Wazed, K. (2017, January 3\u20137). Towards a Reference Architecture for Cloud-Based Plant Genotyping and Phenotyping Analysis Frameworks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture, ICSA 2017, Gothenburg, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSA.2017.42"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leotta, M., Ricca, F., Reggio, G., and Astesiano, E. (2011, January 1\u20134). Comparing the maintainability of two alternative architectures of a postal system: SOA vs. non-SOA. Proceedings of the European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, CSMR, Oldenburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2011.41"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2011). Systems and Software Engineering\u2014Systems and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE)\u2014System and Software Quality Models (Standard No. ISO\/IEC 25010:2011(en))."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Project Management Institute (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)\/Project Management Institute, Project Management Institute."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1108\/17538371211268898","article-title":"PERT, Polaris, and the realities of project execution","volume":"5","author":"Engwall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Proj. Bus."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.10.013","article-title":"FLOW-assisted value stream mapping in the early phases of large-scale software development","volume":"111","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77459","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990292","article-title":"SDN enhanced multi-access edge computing (MEC) for E2E mobility and QoS management","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2849509","article-title":"Survey on Multi-Access Edge Computing for Internet of Things Realization","volume":"20","author":"Porambage","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116974","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3001277","article-title":"A Survey of Multi-Access Edge Computing in 5G and beyond: Fundamentals, Technology Integration, and State-of-the-Art","volume":"8","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.04.015","article-title":"Autonomic Feature Selection using Computational Intelligence","volume":"111","author":"Day","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12261","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12261","article-title":"Evaluation of the benefits of using a backward chaining decision support expert system for local flood forecasting and warning","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Mec (2020). GS MEC 003\u2014V2.2.1\u2014Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC); Framework and Reference Architecture, ETSI. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2021, January 20). Specification # 28.804. Available online: https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/desktopmodules\/Specifications\/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3549."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/3017\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:15Z","timestamp":1760136855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/3017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22083017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22083017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}