{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:02:21Z","timestamp":1760151741919,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the LuTan-1 L-Band Spaceborne Bistatic SAR Data Processing 368 Program","award":["E0H2080702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0H2080702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lack and uneven distribution of Ground Control Points (GCPs) will lead to the deterioration of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) block adjustment results in the bistatic Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) system. Given this issue, we first explain the relationship between the stability of adjustment parameters and the GCP distribution pattern theoretically using matrix perturbation theory. Second, we put forward the Constraint Slices (CSs) concept and first introduce CSs into the adjustment optimization model as constraint conditions rather than actual values as GCPs. Finally, we propose a novel DEM block adjustment method for spaceborne InSAR using CSs based on an optimization model with nonlinear constraints. The simulated experiment shows the instability of the conventional method and validates the proposed method under different parallel baseline errors. Four groups of real experiments were carried out according to the size of the uncontrolled area using twelve Co-registered Single-look Slant\u2013range Complex (CoSSC) datasets for Henan Province, China. The adjustment results verified by the ICESat-2 ATL08 data demonstrate that the performance of the proposed method is better than the conventional method in the uncontrolled area; the corresponding improvements in adjustment accuracies compared with the conventional method are 0.13 m, 1.02 m, 2.12 m, and 8.18 m, respectively. At the same time, the proposed method can enhance the height consistency in overlapping areas, which is vital for seamless DEM production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22083075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"3075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel DEM Block Adjustment Method for Spaceborne InSAR Using Constraint Slices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiming","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Capital International Airport Group, Beijing Daxing International Airport, Beijing 102604, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6991-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-004-0123-5","article-title":"Precise GRACE baseline determination using GPS","volume":"9","author":"Kroes","year":"2005","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2258328","article-title":"Results of the TanDEM-X baseline calibration","volume":"6","author":"Antony","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ma, J. (2012). Study on Block Adjustment of Airborne InSAR Data. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1982.350455","article-title":"Location of Spaceborne Sar Imagery","volume":"GE-20","author":"Curlander","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2961248","article-title":"In-Depth Verification of Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X Geolocation Accuracy Using the Australian Corner Reflector Array","volume":"59","author":"Gisinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900693","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A Satellite Formation for High-Resolution SAR Interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Krieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2035497","article-title":"TerraSAR-X SAR Processing and Products","volume":"48","author":"Breit","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.06.002","article-title":"Operational TanDEM-X DEM calibration and first validation results","volume":"73","author":"Gruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wessel, B., Gruber, A., Huber, M., and Roth, A. (2009, January 2\u20135). TanDEM-X: Block adjustment of interferometric height models. Proceedings of the ISPRS Hannover Workshop 2009 \u201cHigh-Resolution Earth Imaging for Geospatioal Information\u201d, Hannover, Germany."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Wessel, B. (2018). TanDEM-X Ground Segment\u2013DEM Products Specification Document, German Aerospace Center."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024009","article-title":"Overview of the ICESat mission","volume":"32","author":"Schutz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, J.H., Bachmann, M., Scheiber, R., Andres, C., and Krieger, G. (2008, January 7\u201311). TanDEM-X DEM calibration and processing experiments with E-SAR. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2008\u20142008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779296"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"716","article-title":"Development of the TanDEM-X calibration concept: Analysis of systematic errors","volume":"48","author":"Bachmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-291-2012","article-title":"Bundle block adjustment with self-calibration of long orbit CBERS-02B imagery","volume":"XXXIX-B1","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"302","article-title":"Block-Adjustment with SPOT-5 Imagery and Sparse GCPs Based on RFM","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.3.249","article-title":"A global assessment of the SRTM performance","volume":"72","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(89)90002-4","article-title":"Digital elevation model production by stereo-matching spot image-pairs: A comparison of algorithms","volume":"7","author":"Day","year":"1989","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugarbaker, L., Constance, E.W., Heidemann, H.K., Jason, A.L., Lucas, V., Saghy, D., and Stoker, J.M. (2014). The 3D Elevation Program Initiative: A Call for Action.","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1399"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.1910575","article-title":"Assessment of vertical accuracy of open source 30m resolution space-borne digital elevation models","volume":"12","author":"Talchabhadel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2874361","article-title":"Evaluation of the Newly Released Worldwide AW3D30 DEM Over Typical Landforms of China Using Two Global DEMs and ICESat\/GLAS Data","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2033935","article-title":"DEM-Aided Block Adjustment for Satellite Images with Weak Convergence Geometry","volume":"48","author":"Teo","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, M., Gruber, A., Wessel, B., Breunig, M., and Wendleder, A. (2010, January 25\u201330). Validation of tie-point concepts by the DEM adjustment approach of TanDEM-X. Proceedings of the Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5652930"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111509","article-title":"Evaluation of ASTER GDEM2, SRTMv3. 0, ALOS AW3D30 and TanDEM-X DEMs for the Peruvian Andes against highly accurate GNSS ground control points and geomorphological-hydrological metrics","volume":"237","author":"Viveen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2018). Research on Key Technology of Combined Block Adjustment of ICESat Laser Points and Optical Satellite Imagery. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wuhan University]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Yang, S., and Li, Y. (2020). Accuracy assessment and correction of SRTM DEM using ICESat\/GLAS data under data coregistration. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203435"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.885401","article-title":"Verification of the vertical error in C-band SRTM DEM using ICESat and Landsat-7, Otter Tail County, MN","volume":"45","author":"Bhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chong, E.K., and Zak, S.H. (2004). An Introduction to Optimization, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, X., and Shan, J. (2021). Comprehensive Evaluation of the ICESat-2 ATL08 Terrain Product. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3051086"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.02.017","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of the global TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model with GPS data","volume":"139","author":"Wessel","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1137\/1032121","article-title":"Stochastic perturbation theory","volume":"32","author":"Stewart","year":"1990","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parlett, B.N. (1998). The Symmetric Eigenvalue Problem, SIAM.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611971163"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Xiao, C. (2019). The Random Perturbation Analysis of Matrix Eigenvalue Problems. [Ph.D. Thesis, Chongqing University]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Jorge, N., and Stephen, J.W. (2006). Numerical Optimization, Spinger."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/3075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:28Z","timestamp":1760136928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/3075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22083075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22083075","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]}}}