{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:26:45Z","timestamp":1781666805182,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A model-based approach to large-scale distributed system architecting is suggested, which is based on the use of dynamic digital twins. This approach can be considered as an integration of known paradigms, such as digital twins, evolutionary architecture and agile architecture. It can also be considered as one of the possible realizations of the digital thread paradigm. As part of this approach, a three-level digital thread reference architecture is suggested, which includes the following levels: (i) digital thread support level; (ii) agile architecture support level; (iii) digital shadow support level. This approach has been used in the development of a number of real systems, and has shown its effectiveness in supporting system agility at the exploitation and modernization stages. The proposed approach is focused on building digital twin-based systems. This article may be interesting for specialists engaged in research and development in the domain of IoT- and IIoT-based information systems, primarily architects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22083078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"3078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Towards Dynamic Model-Based Agile Architecting of Cyber-Physical Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0933-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Vodyaho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saint-Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataly","family":"Zhukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Subbotin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saint-Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahem","family":"Anaam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saint-Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawat, D., Rodrigues, J., and Stojmenovic, I. (2016). Analysis and Design of Cyber-Physical Systems. A Hybrid Control Systems Approach. Cyber-Physical Systems: From Theory to Practice, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b19290"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calinescu, R.C., Camara Moreno, J., and Paterson, C. (2019, January 28). Socio-Cyber-Physical Systems: Models, Opportunities. Proceedings of the Open Challenges 5th International Workshop on Software Engineering for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEsCPS.2019.00008"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood, Z. (2019). Guide to Ambient Intelligence in the IoT Environment Principles, Technologies and Application, Springer International Publishing AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04173-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korzun, D., Balandina, E., Kashevnik, A., Balandin, S., and Viola, F. (2019). Ambient Intelligence Services in IoT Environments: Emerging Research and Opportunities, IGI-Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-8973-0"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, G., Pitarma, R., MGarcia, N., and Pombo, N. (2019). Internet of Things Architectures, Technologies, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions for Enhanced Living Environments and Healthcare Systems: A Review. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8101081"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Hu, F., Min, G., and Zomaya, A.Y. (2018). Big Data and Computational Intelligence in Networking, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315155678"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weilkiens, T., Lamm, J., Roth, S., and Walker, M. (2016). Model-Based System Architecture, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119051930"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ford, N., Parsons, R., and Kua, P. (2017). Building Evolutionary Architectures, O\u2019Reilly Media."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Gasevic, D., Djuric, D., and Devedzi, V. (2006). Model Driven Architecture and Ontology Development, Springer."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Muhammad Ali Babar Alan, W. (2014). Brown Ivan Mistrik Agile Software Architecture Aligning Agile Processes and Software Architectures, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloomberg, J. (2013). The Agile Architecture Revolution: How Cloud Computing, REST-based SOA, and Mobile Computing Are Changing Enterprise IT, Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118557006"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bass, L., Weber, I., and Zhu, L. (2015). DevOps: A Software Architect\u2019s Perspective, Pearson Education, Inc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Valk, H., Hunker, J., Rabe, M., and Otto, B. (2022, April 05). Digital twins in simulative applications: A taxonomy. In Proceedings of the 2020 Winter Simulation Conference. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/341235159_A_Taxonomy_of_Digital_Twins.","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC48552.2020.9384051"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022, April 05). What Is the Digital Thread? Digital Thread Definition. Available online: https:\/\/nxrev.com\/2018\/05\/digitalthread\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022, April 05). Digital Thread. Available online: https:\/\/searcherp.techtarget.com\/definition\/digital-thread."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Rozanski, N., and Woods, E. (2005). Software Systems Architecture: Working with Stakeholders Using Viewpoints and Perspectives, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Erder, M., Pureur, P., and Woods, E. (2021). Continuous Architecture in Practice Software Architecture in the Age of Agility and DevOps, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vodyaho, A.I., Zhukova, N.A., Shichkina, Y.A., Anaam, F., and Abbas, S. (2022). About One Approach to Using Dynamic Models to Build Digital Twins. Designs, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/designs6020025"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Shaw, M., and Garlan, D. (1996). Software Architecture: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline, Prentice-Hall Inc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misra, S., Gervasi, O., Murgante, B., Stankova, E., Korkhov, V., Torre, C., Rocha, A.M.A.C., Taniar, D., Apduhan, B.O., and Tarantino, E. (2019). Automatic Synthesis of Multilevel Automata Models of Biological Objects. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2019, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24308-1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vodyaho, A., Osipov, V., Zhukova, N., and Chernokulsky, V. (2022, April 05). Data Collection Technology for Ambient Intelligence Systems in Internet of Things. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics9111846.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9111846"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"17","article-title":"About one approach to multilevel behavioral program synthesis for television devices","volume":"11","author":"Osipov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervasi, O., Murgante, B., Misra, S., Borruso, G., Torre, C.M., Rocha, A.M.A.C., Taniar, D., Apduhan, B.O., Stankova, E., and Cuzzocrea, A. (2017). Inductive Synthesis of the Models of Biological Systems According to Clinical Trials. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2017, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62404-4"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3018687","article-title":"Cascading Failures in Internet of Things: Review and Perspectives on Reliability and Resilience","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capilla, R., Bosch, J., and Kang, K.C. (2013). Systems and Software Variability Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36583-6"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subbotin, A.N., and Zhdanov, V.S. (2021, January 21\u201323). Application of Machine Learning Methods to Control the Process of Defectoscopy of Railway Tracks. Proceedings of the 2021 IV International Conference on Control in Technical Systems (CTS), Saint Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CTS53513.2021.9562911"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subbotin, A.N. (2021, January 16). Data Processing in Foggy Computing Environments for Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2021 II International Conference on Neural Networks and Neurotechnologies (NeuroNT), St. Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/NeuroNT53022.2021.9472203"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krinkin, K., Vodyaho, A., Kulikov, I., and Zhukova, N. (2020, January 8\u201311). Models of Telecommunications Network Monitoring Based on Knowledge Graphs. Proceedings of the 2020 9th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO), Budva, Montenegro.","DOI":"10.1109\/MECO49872.2020.9134148"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subbotin, A., Zhukova, N., and Man, T. (2022, January 7\u201310). Architecture of the intelligent video surveillance systems for fog environments based on embedded computers. Proceedings of the 2021 10th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO), Budva, Montenegro.","DOI":"10.1109\/MECO52532.2021.9460270"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/3078\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:34Z","timestamp":1760136934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/3078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22083078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22083078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]}}}