{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:08:52Z","timestamp":1777367332362,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-57-80016 BRICS_t"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-57-80016 BRICS_t"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents designed and fabricated silica few-mode optical fiber (FMF) with induced twisting 10 and 66 revolutions per meter, core diameter 11 \u00b5m, typical \u201ctelecommunication\u201d cladding diameter 125 \u00b5m, improved height of quasi-step refractive index profile and numerical aperture 0.22. Proposed FMF supports 4 guided modes over \u201cC\u201d-band. We discussed selection of specified optical fiber parameters to provide desired limited mode number over mentioned wavelength range. Some results of tests, performed with pilot samples of manufactured FMF, are represented, including experimentally measured spectral responses of laser-excited optical signals, that comprise researches and analysis of few-mode effects, occurring after fiber Bragg grating writing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1650414163000},"page":"3124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Twisted Few-Mode Optical Fiber with Improved Height of Quasi-Step Refractive Index Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8737-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton V.","family":"Bourdine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Lines, Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, 23, Lev Tolstoy Street, Samara 443010, Russia"},{"name":"JSC \u201cScientific Production Association State Optical Institute Named after Vavilov S.I.\u201d, 36\/1, Babushkin Street, St. Petersburg 192171, Russia"},{"name":"\u201cOptoFiber Lab\u201d LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 7, Nobel Street, Moscow 143026, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Photonics and Communication Links, Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications Named after M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, 22, Bolshevikov Avenue, St. Petersburg 193232, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir V.","family":"Demidov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cScientific Production Association State Optical Institute Named after Vavilov S.I.\u201d, 36\/1, Babushkin Street, St. Petersburg 192171, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0276-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem A.","family":"Kuznetsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 10, Karl Marx Street, Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1845-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Vasilets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 10, Karl Marx Street, Kazan 420111, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Management and Engineering Business, Kazan Innovative University Named after V.G. Timiryasov (IEML), 42, Moskovskaya Street, Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egishe V.","family":"Ter-Nersesyants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cScientific Production Association State Optical Institute Named after Vavilov S.I.\u201d, 36\/1, Babushkin Street, St. Petersburg 192171, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Khokhlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cScientific Production Association State Optical Institute Named after Vavilov S.I.\u201d, 36\/1, Babushkin Street, St. Petersburg 192171, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8594-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra S.","family":"Matrosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cScientific Production Association State Optical Institute Named after Vavilov S.I.\u201d, 36\/1, Babushkin Street, St. Petersburg 192171, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, School of Photonics, ITMO University, Bldg. A, 49, Kronverksky Alley, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grigori A.","family":"Pchelkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cScientific Production Association State Optical Institute Named after Vavilov S.I.\u201d, 36\/1, Babushkin Street, St. Petersburg 192171, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Bldg. II, 29, Politekhnicheskaya Street, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3919-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael V.","family":"Dashkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Lines, Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, 23, Lev Tolstoy Street, Samara 443010, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena S.","family":"Zaitseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Lines, Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, 23, Lev Tolstoy Street, Samara 443010, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0753-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azat R.","family":"Gizatulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Systems, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 12, Karl Marx Street, Ufa 450000, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan K.","family":"Meshkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Systems, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 12, Karl Marx Street, Ufa 450000, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0713-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airat Zh.","family":"Sakhabutdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 10, Karl Marx Street, Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugeniy V.","family":"Dmitriev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantum Communication Systems Research, Radio Research and Development Institute, 16, Kazakova Street, Moscow 105064, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-4656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg G.","family":"Morozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 10, Karl Marx Street, Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1723-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Burdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Lines, Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, 23, Lev Tolstoy Street, Samara 443010, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin V.","family":"Dukelskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cScientific Production Association State Optical Institute Named after Vavilov S.I.\u201d, 36\/1, Babushkin Street, St. Petersburg 192171, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Photonics and Communication Links, Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications Named after M.A. Bonch-Bruevich, 22, Bolshevikov Avenue, St. Petersburg 193232, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, School of Photonics, ITMO University, Bldg. A, 49, Kronverksky Alley, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaseera","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum Research Group, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8604-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Petruccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum Research Group, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"National Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0833-6815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghanshyam","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT) Jaipur, J.L.N Road, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-3939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronics & Commu-nication Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantum Physics and Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, 99, Xiupu Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.20.002962","article-title":"Birefringence and polarization mode dispersion in spun single-mode fibers","volume":"20","author":"Barlow","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. 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