{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:54:24Z","timestamp":1772906064152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LZ22F01000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ22F01000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42176190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an effective strongest angles of arrival (AoAs) estimation algorithm for a hybrid millimeter wave (mmWave) communication system with 1-bit analog-to-digital\/digital-to-analog converters (A\/Ds) equipped at transceivers. The proposed algorithm aims to reduce the required number of estimation overheads, while maintaining the root mean square error (RMSE) of strongest AoA estimates at the base station. We obtain the quantization thresholds of A\/Ds for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and numbers of antennas via numerical simulations, based on which, the strongest AoAs can be estimated with a small amount of overheads. The proposed algorithm is compared with conventional schemes including 1-bit FFT and 1-bit exhaustive search, as well as 1-bit Cram\u00e9r-Rao lower bound. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm in terms of reducing estimation overheads while maintaining reasonable estimation performance in low SNRs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T03:46:11Z","timestamp":1650512771000},"page":"3140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Strongest Angle-of-Arrival Estimation for Hybrid Millimeter Wave Architecture with 1-Bit A\/D Equipped at Transceivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruihan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5728-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lou","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunshan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meihua","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2890227","article-title":"Non-Uniform Quantization Codebook-Based Hybrid Precoding to Reduce Feedback Overhead in Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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