{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:01:59Z","timestamp":1779148919465,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"National University of Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP-2021-066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2021-066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last decade, there has been a steady stream of information on the methods and techniques available for detecting harmful algae species. The conventional approaches to identify harmful algal bloom (HAB), such as microscopy and molecular biological methods are mainly laboratory-based and require long assay times, skilled manpower, and pre-enrichment of samples involving various pre-experimental preparations. As an alternative, biosensors with a simple and rapid detection strategy could be an improvement over conventional methods for the detection of toxic algae species. Moreover, recent biosensors that involve the use of nanomaterials to detect HAB are showing further enhanced detection limits with a broader linear range. The improvement is attributed to nanomaterials\u2019 high surface area to volume ratio, excellent biological compatibility with biomolecules, and being capable of amplifying the electrochemical signal. Hence, this review presents the potential usage of biosensors over conventional methods to detect HABs. The methods reported for the detection of harmful algae species, ranging from conventional detection methods to current biosensor approaches will be discussed, along with their respective advantages and drawbacks to indicate the future prospects of biosensor technology for HAB event management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T03:46:11Z","timestamp":1650512771000},"page":"3144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Harmful Microalgae Detection: Biosensors versus Some Conventional Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6467-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy Jason","family":"Chin Chwan Chuong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahbubur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of General Educational Development (GED), Faculty of Science & Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadiah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee Yook","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9978-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling Ling","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmat","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbr050","article-title":"Influence of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth and cell yield of the harmful red tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella colonizing Mediterranean waters","volume":"33","author":"Laabir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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