{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:48:01Z","timestamp":1768196881013,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2020YFB1805901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1805901"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGDX2019081623060558, JCYJ20210324133406018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGDX2019081623060558, JCYJ20210324133406018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62105274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62105274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021A1515012544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515012544"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee of Hong Kong SAR","award":["PolyU152241\/18E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU152241\/18E"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sweep rate of conventional short-cavity lasers with an intracavity-swept filter is limited by the buildup time of laser signals from spontaneous emissions. The Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) laser was proposed to overcome the limitations of buildup time by inserting a long fiber delay in the cavity to store the whole swept signal and has attracted much interest in both theoretical and experimental studies. In this review, the theoretical models to understand the dynamics of the FDML laser and the experimental techniques to realize high speed, wide sweep range, long coherence length, high output power and highly stable swept signals in FDML lasers will be discussed. We will then discuss the applications of FDML lasers in optical coherence tomography (OCT), fiber sensing, precision measurement, microwave generation and nonlinear microscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T03:46:11Z","timestamp":1650512771000},"page":"3145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Fourier Domain Mode Locked Laser and Its Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}]},{"given":"Yihuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"P. K. A.","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/187493a0","article-title":"Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby","volume":"187","author":"Maiman","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drexler, W., and Fujimoto, J.G. (2008). Wavelength Swept Lasers. 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