{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:04:36Z","timestamp":1760151876698,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KQTD20190929172704911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20190929172704911"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012130","name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019200M1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019200M1001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Advanced IntelliSense Technology","award":["2019B121203006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B121203006"]}]},{"name":"Key Areas of R&amp;D Projects in Guangdong Province","award":["2019B111101001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B111101001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["No. 2020A1515010869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2020A1515010869"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interference in SAR imagery will induce false targets or form a mask in specific areas to prevent accurate scene assessment. Traditional anti-jamming methods based on waveform agility require a trade-off between anti-jamming performance and imaging quality in waveform design. In this paper, we proposed a SAR ECCM scheme including a Costas DFC-based random stepped wideband waveform and corresponding imaging processing method. The waveform exhibits high flexibility against forwarding interference due to the decomposition of a wideband signal into multiple pulses with different Costas discrete frequency encoding, carrier frequency and phase modulation. Furthermore, the combination of FCDC and the imaging processing successfully overcomes the Doppler sensitivity of the proposed waveform. Extensive simulations confirmed the superiority of this waveform and processing method under different interference strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:45:21Z","timestamp":1650761121000},"page":"3197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Costas DFC-Based Random Stepped Wideband Waveform for Interference Countermeasure in SAR Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6970-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"GanE","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1907-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-7508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sha","family":"Huan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/79.401121","article-title":"Reconnaissance with ultra wideband UHF synthetic aperture radar","volume":"12","author":"Soumekh","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2166753","article-title":"A novel method for adaptive SAR barrage jamming suppression","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4486","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2259178","article-title":"A large scene deceptive jamming method for space-borne SAR","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2670958","article-title":"Jamming wideband radar using interrupted-sampling repeater","volume":"53","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"9771","article-title":"A radar ECCM scheme based on full-rate orthogonal pulse block","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5259195","article-title":"Orthogonal block coded ECCM schemes against repeat radar jammers","volume":"45","author":"Akhtar","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6494414","article-title":"New antivelocity deception jamming technique using pulses with adaptive initial phases","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.857034","article-title":"Enhancing echo cancellation via estimation of delay","volume":"53","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2824351","article-title":"Improved active echo cancellation against synthetic aperture radar based on nonperiodic interrupted sampling modulation","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, K., Li, D., He, F., Quan, S., and Su, Y. (2022). A Sparse Imaging Method for Frequency Agile SAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3151079"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wu, J., Pei, J., Sun, Z., and Yang, J. (2021, January 11\u201316). Anti-Deceptive Jamming of Jammer on the Coast for Multistatic Sar. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9553047"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2015.0348","article-title":"Trilinear decomposition-based spatial-polarisational filter method for deception jamming suppression of radar","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Cui, G., Zhang, S., Sheng, B., Kong, L., and Ran, D. (2016, January 2\u20136). Deceptive jamming suppression based on coherent cancelling in multistatic radar system. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.7485304"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.1603414","article-title":"SAR-ECCM using phase-perturbed LFM chirp signals and DRFM repeat jammer penalization","volume":"42","author":"Soumekh","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, X., Wang, P., Jiang, J., Li, X., Tang, Z., and Wang, S. (2021, January 3\u20135). Research on SAR Anti-jamming Technique Based on Orthogonal LFM-PC Signals with Adaptive Initial Phase. Proceedings of the 2021 2nd China International SAR Symposium (CISS), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/CISS51089.2021.9652198"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xing, S., Zhou, K., and Dai, D. (2021, January 24\u201326). SAR Anti-jamming Method Using LFM Signal with Random Segmentation. Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference on Information Communication and Signal Processing (ICICSP), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICSP54369.2021.9611916"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou, M., Zhong, T., Li, M., Li, X., Li, Z., Wu, J., and Yang, J. (2021, January 11\u201316). Low Probability of Intercept Waveform Optimization Method for Sar Imaging. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9554227"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1017\/S1759078717000678","article-title":"Waveform diversity for SAR ECCM based on random phase and code rate transition","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/451851","article-title":"Multifrequency OFDM SAR in presence of deception jamming","volume":"2010","author":"Schuerger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurasip J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, Z.A., Garren, D.A., and Pace, P.E. (2017, January 8\u201312). SAR imagery via frequency shift keying Costas coding. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2017.7944497"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2744178","article-title":"Target Reconstruction From Deceptively Jammed Single-Channel SAR","volume":"56","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2873683","article-title":"Target Reconstruction in Deceptively Jammed SAR via ADMM","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2157889","article-title":"Internal calibration for stepped-frequency chirp SAR imaging","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2170176","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar imaging using stepped frequency waveform","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Waveform diversity for SAR ECCM based on random phase and code rate transition","volume":"56","author":"Correll","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1984.12967","article-title":"A study of a class of detection waveforms having nearly ideal range\u2014Doppler ambiguity properties","volume":"72","author":"Costas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021, November 27). Costas Arrays and Enumeration to Order 1030 IEEE Dataport. Available online: https:\/\/ieee-dataport.org\/open-access\/costas-arrays-and-enumeration-order-1030."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2007.4285351","article-title":"Costas array generation and search methodology","volume":"43","author":"Beard","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Random Stepped-Frequency SAR Imagery with Full Cell Doppler Coherent Processing","volume":"19","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5158","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2723868","article-title":"A novel intercarrier-interference free signal processing scheme for OFDM radar","volume":"67","author":"Hakobyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177101","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946190","article-title":"Integrating motion compensation with polar format interpolation for enhanced highly squinted airborne SAR imagery","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Accessl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3197\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:58:24Z","timestamp":1760137104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22093197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22093197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}