{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:35:18Z","timestamp":1775230518204,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u201cForMikro-REGGAE\u201d (16ES1061)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cForMikro-REGGAE\u201d (16ES1061)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Funding program number 442 57440921\/Pers. Ref. No. 91555731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Funding program number 442 57440921\/Pers. Ref. No. 91555731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of all-digital radar systems, phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW) based on pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBSs) appears to be a prominent candidate modulation scheme for applications such as autonomous driving. Among the reasons for its candidacy are its simplified transmitter architecture and lower linearity requirements (e.g., compared to orthogonal-frequency division multiplexing radars), as well as its high velocity unambiguity and multiple-input multiple-output operation capability, all of which are characteristic of digital radars. For appropriate operation of a PMCW radar, choosing a PRBS whose periodic autocorrelation function (PACF) has low sidelobes and high robustness to Doppler shifts is paramount. In this sense, this article performs an analysis of Doppler shift tolerance of the PACFs of typically adopted PRBSs in PMCW radar systems supported by simulation and measurement results. To accurately measure the Doppler-shift-induced degradation of PACFs, peak power loss ratio (PPLR), peak sidelobe level ratio (PSLR), and integrated-sidelobe level ratio (ISLR) were used as metrics. Furthermore, to account for effects on targets whose ranges are not multiples of the range resolution, oversampled PACFs are analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:45:21Z","timestamp":1650761121000},"page":"3212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Doppler Shift Tolerance of Typical Pseudorandom Binary Sequences in PMCW Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1362-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Giroto de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7395-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Antes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Nuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9896-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1199-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akanksha","family":"Bhutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9552-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Diewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2799-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Basim","family":"Alabd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1387-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-0302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1268-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Zwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2911722","article-title":"High-Performance Automotive Radar: A Review of Signal Processing Algorithms and Modulation Schemes","volume":"36","author":"Hakobyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. 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