{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:28:52Z","timestamp":1772638132089,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2016\/25779-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/25779-9"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2018\/08782-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/08782-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A label-free, sensitive, miniaturized sensing device was developed for detecting living cells in their flow stream. The outstanding performance of this biosensor in distinguishing living cells in cell suspension was achieved by integrating microstrip stub resonator above a microfluidic structure using the metallic nanowire-filled membrane technology. The cell suspension flows in a microfluidic channel placed between the tip of the stub resonator and its ground plane as the substrate to take advantage of the uniform and concentrated field distribution. We studied the changes in relative permittivity due to the presence of a single living cell in the phase of the transmitted signal (S21). An average variation of as much as 22.85 \u00b1 1.65\u00b0 at ~11.1 GHz is observed for the living cell sensing using this optimized device. This biosensor could detect rapid flowing cells in their biological medium in real-time and hence, can be used as an early diagnosis and monitoring tool for diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T22:22:41Z","timestamp":1650838961000},"page":"3265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Microwave-Based Microfluidic Cell Detecting Biosensor for Biological Quantification Using the Metallic Nanowire-Filled Membrane Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6717-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atena","family":"Amanati Shahri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Polit\u00e9cnica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7750-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Omidvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Polit\u00e9cnica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Pamplona Rehder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Polit\u00e9cnica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7623-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariana Lacorte Caniato","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Polit\u00e9cnica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrotra, P., Chatterjee, B., and Sen, S. (2019). EM-Wave Biosensors: A Review of RF, Microwave, mm-Wave and Optical Sensing. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051013"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1986.13432","article-title":"The measurement of the properties of materials","volume":"74","author":"Afsar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2115099","article-title":"Broadband complex permittivity measurement techniques of materials with thin configuration at microwave frequencies","volume":"98","author":"Murata","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R55","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/17\/6\/R01","article-title":"Frequency domain complex permittivity measurements at microwave frequencies","volume":"17","author":"Krupka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2014.2336775","article-title":"Dielectric Characterization by Microwave Cavity Perturbation Corrected for Nonuniform Fields","volume":"62","author":"Orloff","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.01.347","article-title":"Measurement of Complex Permittivity in Free Space","volume":"100","author":"Skocik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Gioia, A., Porter, E., Merunka, I., Shahzad, A., Salahuddin, S., Jones, M., and O\u2019Halloran, M. (2018). Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Dielectric Measurement of Biological Tissues: Challenges and Common Practices. Diagnostics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics8020040"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2009.2034226","article-title":"Integrated Broadband Microwave and Microfluidic Sensor Dedicated to Bioengineering","volume":"57","author":"Grenier","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grenier, K., Dubuc, D., Poupot, M., and Fournie, J.-J. (2011, January 16\u201319). Microwave signatures of alive B-lymphoma cells suspensions. 2011 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems, Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOWIRELESS.2011.5724351"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.05.060","article-title":"40 GHz RF biosensor based on microwave coplanar waveguide transmission line for cancer cells (HepG2) dielectric characterization","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Artis, F., Dubuc, D., Fournie, J.-J., Poupot, M., and Grenier, K. (2013, January 2\u20137). Microwave biosensor dedicated to the dielectric spectroscopy of a single alive biological cell in its culture medium. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2013.6697740"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2653776","article-title":"Microwave Monitoring of Single Cell Monocytes Subjected to Electroporation","volume":"65","author":"Tamra","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamra, A., Rols, M.-P., Dubuc, D., and Grenier, K. (2019, January 6\u20138). Impact of a chemical stimulus on two different cell lines through microwave dielectric spectroscopy at the single cell level. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBioC), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMBIOC.2019.8777745"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alahnomi, R., Zakaria, Z., Yussof, Z., Althuwayb, A., Alhegazi, A., Alsariera, H., and Rahman, N. (2021). Review of Recent Microwave Planar Resonator-Based Sensors: Techniques of Complex Permittivity Extraction, Applications, Open Challenges and Future Research Directions. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072267"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0208-4","article-title":"A Novel Microwave Sensor to Detect Specific Biomarkers in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Their Relationship to Cellular Ischemia During Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair","volume":"39","author":"Fok","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2015.2503275","article-title":"Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Mediator-Free Biosensor Based on a Microfabricated Microwave Resonator for the Detection of Micromolar Glucose Concentrations","volume":"64","author":"Adhikari","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2244035","article-title":"A Microwave Resonant Sensor for Concentration Measurements of Liquid Solutions","volume":"13","author":"Gennarelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1017\/S1759078709990614","article-title":"Label-free RF biosensors for human cell dielectric spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Dalmay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2010.04.023","article-title":"Ultra sensitive biosensor based on impedance spectroscopy at microwave frequencies for cell scale analysis","volume":"162","author":"Dalmay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.03.022","article-title":"Discrimination of colorectal cancer cell lines using microwave biosensors","volume":"216","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324145","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1324145","article-title":"Microfluidic Biosensor Based on Microwave Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Cavity Resonator","volume":"2018","author":"Salim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.01.234","article-title":"Microfluidics-based hairpin resonator biosensor for biological cell detection","volume":"263","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2019.2932569","article-title":"Microwave Dielectric Sensing of Free-Flowing, Single, Living Cells in Aqueous Suspension","volume":"4","author":"Watts","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2763142","article-title":"110-GHz Through-Substrate-Via Transition Based on Copper Nanowires in Alumina Membrane","volume":"66","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:59:48Z","timestamp":1760137188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22093265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22093265","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]}}}