{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:29:39Z","timestamp":1769722179353,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22068004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22068004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi, China","award":["2020GXNSFAA159027, 2019GXNSFBA185006, 2020GXNSFBA159023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GXNSFAA159027, 2019GXNSFBA185006, 2020GXNSFBA159023"]}]},{"name":"Foundation  of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp &amp; Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering","award":["2019ZR03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZR03"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi University and Open Funding Project of the State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering","award":["SKLBEE2020009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLBEE2020009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a substitute for rigid sensors, flexible sensing materials have been greatly developed in recent years, but maintaining the stability of conductive fillers and the stability of micro-strain sensing is still a major challenge. In this experiment, we innovatively prepared a polyurethane-based cellulose acetate composite membrane (CA\/TPU) with abundant mesopores through electrospinning. Then, we reduced graphene oxide (rGO)\u2014as a conductive filler\u2014and graphene oxide (GO)\u2014as an insulating layer\u2014which were successively and firmly anchored on the CA\/TPU nanofiber membrane with the ultrasonic impregnation method, to obtain an rGO\/GO@CA\/TPU sensor with a GF of 3.006 under a very small strain of 0.5%. The flexibility of the film and its high sensitivity under extremely low strains enables the detection of subtle human motions (such as finger bending, joint motion, etc.), making it suitable for potential application in wearable electronic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T02:14:39Z","timestamp":1650939279000},"page":"3281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Design of a Highly Sensitive Reduced Graphene Oxide\/Graphene Oxide@Cellulose Acetate\/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Flexible Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8104-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1284-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.0c00292","article-title":"Recent Advances of Carbon-Based Flexible Strain Sensors in Physiological Signal Monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7293","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01325K","article-title":"Flexible Electrochemical Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8366","DOI":"10.1021\/nn402728g","article-title":"Flexible Sensors Based on Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Haick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00145","article-title":"Rapid-Response, Widely Stretchable Sensor of Aligned MWCNT\/Elastomer Composites for Human Motion Detection","volume":"1","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"506","article-title":"High Dynamic Range Uniaxial Force\/Torque Sensor Using Metal Foil and Semiconductor Strain Gauge","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEJ J. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2012.04.041","article-title":"Strain Sensing Mechanism of The Fabricated ZnO Nanowire-polymer Composite Strain Sensors","volume":"538","author":"Mai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9238","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c03408","article-title":"Sensation and Perception of a Bioinspired Flexible Smart Sensor System","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2021.100402","article-title":"A Review on Conductive Polymers and Their Hybrids for Flexible and Wearable Thermoelectric Applications","volume":"18","author":"Prunet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801682","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201801682","article-title":"Soft Modular Electronic Blocks SMEBs A Strategy for Tailored Wearable Health-Monitoring Systems","volume":"6","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803411","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201803411","article-title":"Hybrid Architectures of Heterogeneous Carbon Nanotube Composite Microstructures Enable Multiaxial Strain Perception with High Sensitivity and Ultrabroad Sensing Range","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808829","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201808829","article-title":"Fingertip-Skin-Inspired Highly Sensitive and Multifunctional Sensor with Hierarchically Structured Conductive Graphite\/Polydimethylsiloxane Foams","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-016-1389-y","article-title":"Transparent, Stretchable, and Rapid-response Humidity Sensor for Body-attachable Wearable Electronics","volume":"10","author":"Trung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.109605","article-title":"Flexible Strain Sensor Based on CNT\/TPU Composite Nanofiber Yarn for Smart Sports Bandage","volume":"232","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c17565","article-title":"Design of a Superhydrophobic Strain Sensor with a Multilayer Structure for Human Motion Monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-021-04797-y","article-title":"A Novel Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on PVDF\/PVA-CNTs Electrospun Composite Film","volume":"127","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0351975","article-title":"Controlling Surface Morphology of Electrospun Polystyrene Fibers: Effect of Humidity and Molecular Weight in The Electrospinning process","volume":"37","author":"Casper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593","article-title":"Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications","volume":"119","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"122","article-title":"Wearable Strain Sensor for Human Motion Detection Based on Ligand-exchanged Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"82","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10593","DOI":"10.1021\/ja505741e","article-title":"Electrolessly Deposited Electrospun Metal Nanowire Transparent Electrodes","volume":"136","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108617","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor Based on c-MWCNTs Decorated TPU Electrospun Fibrous Network for Human Motion Detection","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100421","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202100421","article-title":"Graphene Decorated Fiber for Wearable Strain Sensor with High Sensitivity at Tiny Strain","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00592-9","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Ultrathin Flexible Thermoplastic Polyurethane\/Carbon Black Fibrous Film Strain Sensor with Adjustable Scaffold Networks","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14087","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b19699","article-title":"Interface-Controlled Conductive Fibers for Wearable Strain Sensors and Stretchable Conducting Wires","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"21014","article-title":"Healable and Recyclable Elastomers with Record-High Mechanical Robustness, Unprecedented Crack Tolerance, and Superhigh Elastic Restorability","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118471","article-title":"Advances in Nanocellulose-based Materials as Adsorbents of Heavy Metals and Dyes","volume":"272","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145871","article-title":"A Review of Nanocellulose as a New Material Towards Environmental Sustainability","volume":"775","author":"Dhali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b03813","article-title":"High-Performance Strain Sensors with Fish Scale-Like Graphene Sensing Layers for Full-Range Detection of Human Motions","volume":"10","author":"Qiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105610","article-title":"Piezoionic-powered Graphene Strain Sensor Based on Solid Polymer Electrolyte","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122985","article-title":"Flexible and Wearable Carbon Black\/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Foam with a Pinnate-veined Aligned Porous Structure for Multifunctional Piezoresistive Sensors","volume":"382","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2020.116200","article-title":"Coupling Between Voltage and Tip-to-collector Distance in Polymer Electrospinning: Insights from Analysis of Regimes, Transitions and Cone\/Jet features","volume":"230","author":"Joy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.09.050","article-title":"A Double-switching Voltage: Controlling Multiple Jets in Electrospinning","volume":"233","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(03)00532-9","article-title":"Effect of Molecular Weight on Fibrous PVA Produced by Electrospinning","volume":"58","author":"Koski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1002\/app.20602","article-title":"Role of Molecular Weight of Atactic Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in the Structure and Properties of PVA Nanofabric Prepared by Electrospinning","volume":"93","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.028","article-title":"Porous Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Fibres by Phase Separation","volume":"69","author":"Katsogiannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-012-2858-9","article-title":"Porous Electrospun Ultrafine Fibers via a Liquid-liquid Phase Separation Method","volume":"291","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.8b00083","article-title":"Complex Morphology Formation in Electrospinning of Binary and Ternary Poly(lactic acid) Solutions","volume":"51","author":"Rezabeigi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.6b02696","article-title":"One-Step Electrospinning To Produce Nonsolvent-Induced Macroporous Fibers with Ultrahigh Oil Adsorption Capability","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2014.11.041","article-title":"Porous Bead-on-string poly(lactic acid) Fibrous Membranes for Air Filtration","volume":"441","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-019-4718-8","article-title":"Surface-porous and Hollow Poly(lactic acid) (SPH-PLA) and Surface-porous and Lotus-root-like PLA (SPL-PLA) Nanofibres: Preparation, Quantitative Analysis, and Modelling","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, H.Y., and Pan, Z.J. (2018). Nanoporous PLA\/(Chitosan Nanoparticle) Composite Fibrous Membranes with Excellent Air Filtration and Antibacterial Performance. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10101085"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.8b00059","article-title":"Light-Driven Transformation of Bio-Inspired Superhydrophobic Structure via Reconfigurable PAzoMA Microarrays: From Lotus Leaf to Rice Leaf","volume":"51","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107680","article-title":"A Highly Stretchable, Super-hydrophobic Strain Sensor Based on Polydopamine and Graphene Reinforced Nanofiber Composite for Human Motion Monitoring","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107696","article-title":"Multifunctional Stretchable Strain Sensor Based on Polydopamine\/Reduced Graphene Oxide\/Electrospun Thermoplastic Polyurethane Fibrous Mats for Human Motion Detection and Environment Monitoring","volume":"183","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01663","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Graphene Oxide","volume":"7","author":"Grant","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2020.05.126","article-title":"Electrospinning of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Graphene Oxide Aligned Fibers","volume":"89","author":"Ginestra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122391","article-title":"Facile One-step Preparation of Robust Hydrophobic Cotton Fabrics by Covalent Bonding Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane for Ultrafast Oil\/Water Separation","volume":"379","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2019.121609","article-title":"Monodispersed Hybrid Microparticles Based on Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane with Good UV Resistance and High Thermal Stability: From Organic to Inorganic","volume":"178","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906567","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201906567","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Physical, Bio, and Chemical Sensors Derived from 1-, 2-, and 3-D Nanocellulosic Materials","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111603","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/40\/11\/111603","article-title":"Electrospun Flexible Sensor","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Semicond."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Zhang; Jia; Liu; Wei; Su, Electrospinning Nanoparticles-Based Materials Interfaces for Sensor Applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183977"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2020.100034","article-title":"Review on Exploration of Graphene in the Design and Engineering of Smart Sensors, Actuators and Soft Robotics","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3281\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:00:09Z","timestamp":1760137209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22093281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22093281","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]}}}