{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:02:37Z","timestamp":1760227357759,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Government of Extremadura. Department of Employment and Infrastructure","award":["GR21149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21149"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The general objective of this study was to identify the variation in heart rate (HR) of Portuguese skydivers during 6 moments in their first jump of the day, bearing in mind the variable level of experience. Thirty-one Portuguese skydivers, 28 men and 3 women, aged between 19 and 62, participated in the study, 12 had A and B licenses (less experienced) and 19 had C and D licences (more experienced). The instrument used to record the heart rate of the skydivers at the different moments of their first jump of the day was the WIMU PRO. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyse HR at different moments in the jump and its relation with the variables level of experience. Bonferroni multiple comparisons were performed to study the importance of the differences observed in HR at the different moments. The effect size was evaluated with partial eta squared. The results showed that average HR in this group of skydivers was 130 bpm, in the different moments of the jump. HR increases from the value recorded at rest until the moment of jumping from the plane and opening the parachute, reaching the highest average at that moment, then decreasing until contact with the ground. Comparing the variable, we found that the less experienced had higher HR than the more experienced at all moments during the jump. Statistically significant differences were found at the different moments of the jump, regarding HR (Max: p &lt; 0.001, \u019e2p = 0.820; Min: p &lt; 0.001, \u019e2p = 0.821; AVG: p &lt; 0.001, \u019e2p = 0.834) Level of experience with jumping moment interaction, we only verified differences related to HR Min (p = 0.007, \u019e2p = 0.056),. With regard to experience, the identified differences were not statistically significant. Skydiving triggers an acute adaptive cardiovascular response which is reflected in the increase in the HR, between the moment of boarding the plane and the moment at which the parachute opens, thereafter decreasing until contact with the ground. The most experienced parachutists recorded the highest HR at the moment of landing and the least experienced at the moment of free fall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T02:14:39Z","timestamp":1650939279000},"page":"3298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis of the Objective Internal Load in Portuguese Skydivers in the First Jump of the Day"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3628-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5112-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Education, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, (SHERU) Sport, Health and Exercise Research Unit, 600-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9091-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Pino-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-2323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Education, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, (SHERU) Sport, Health and Exercise Research Unit, 600-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7451-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ant\u00fanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6009-4086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Jos\u00e9","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Comportamento da frequ\u00eancia card\u00edaca durante o salto enganchado de paraquedistas do Ex\u00e9rcito brasileiro","volume":"11","author":"Domingues","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Min. Ed. F\u00edsica"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FPP (2020, December 10). Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Paraquedismo: Regulamento T\u00e9cnico Nacional. Available online: https:\/\/www.fppq.pt\/docs\/ReglmtoTecNacional2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy315","article-title":"Analysis of a Military Parachutist Injury\u2014A Retrospective Review of Over 37,000 Landings","volume":"184","author":"Zakowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Crouch, J. (2020, December 12). Another Record Low\u2014The 2020 Fatality Summary. Available online: https:\/\/uspa.org\/p\/Article\/another-record-lowthe-2020-fatality-summary."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Guyton, A., and Hall, J. (2011). Tratado de Fisiologia M\u00e9dica, Elsevier. [12th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, E.S.H., Kornexl, E., and Raschner, C. (1997). Ground-reaction forces in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and ski jumping. Science and Skiing, E & FN Spon."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"223","article-title":"Controle auton\u00f4mico card\u00edaco durantea execu\u00e7\u00e3o de atividade f\u00edsica din\u00e2mica de baixa intensidade","volume":"13","author":"Paschoal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2003.08.009","article-title":"Acute HPA axis responses, heart rate, and mood changes to psychosocial stress (TSST) in humans at different times of day","volume":"29","author":"Kudielka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.9.3.227","article-title":"The relationship between heart-rate reactivity, emotionally aggressive-behavior, and general violence in batterers","volume":"9","author":"Gottman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.03.019","article-title":"Fight, flight, or fall: Autonomic nervous system reactivity during skydiving","volume":"53","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v3.i5.127","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of tachycardia with a typical left bundle branch block morphology","volume":"3","author":"Neiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5628\/rpcd.01.01.57","article-title":"A an\u00e1lise da performance nos jogos desportivos. Revis\u00e3o acerca da an\u00e1lise do jogo","volume":"1","author":"Garganta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Ci\u00eancias Desporto"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Alves, F. (2000). O treino de Resist\u00eancia e as Zonas de Intensidade. Caderno T\u00e9cnico de Nata\u00e7\u00e3o 8, Direc\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00e9cnica Nacional da Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Nata\u00e7\u00e3o."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"131","article-title":"continuo y estudio psicol\u00f3gico en paracaidismo deportivo. Sus modificaciones mediante el bloqueo de los beta receptores","volume":"12","author":"Serra","year":"1975","journal-title":"Apunt. Med. L\u2019Esport"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-196701000-00005","article-title":"Gradients of psychological arousal in parachutists as a function of an approaching jump","volume":"29","author":"Fenz","year":"1967","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02109.x","article-title":"Activation in novice and expert parachutists while jumping","volume":"33","author":"Roth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2017.11.004","article-title":"Parachuting training improves autonomic control of the heart in novice parachute jumpers","volume":"38","author":"Mazurek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3137-5","article-title":"Heart rate variability and critical flicker fusion frequency changes during and after parachute jumping in experienced skydivers","volume":"115","author":"Cavalade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.6018\/cpd.422471","article-title":"Ansiedade, Tra\u00e7os de Personalidade e Carga Interna Objetiva em praticantes de paraquedismo: Revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"21","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cuad. Psicol. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Un sistema de clasificaci\u00f3n de los dise\u00f1os de investigaci\u00f3n en psicolog\u00eda","volume":"29","author":"Ato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"PORDATA (2021, January 30). Praticantes Desportivos Federados: Total E Por Todas as Federa\u00e7\u00f5es Desportivas. Available online: https:\/\/www.pordata.pt\/Portugal\/Praticantes+desportivos+federados+total+e+por+todas+as+federa%c3%a7%c3%b5es+desportivas-2227."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"238","article-title":"Static and dynamic reliability of WIMU PRO (TM) accelerometers according to anatomical placement","volume":"233","author":"Ibanez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P J. Sports Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4709","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4709","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the WIMU inertial device for the assessment of the vertical jump","volume":"6","author":"Ibanez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics, Allyn & Bacon\/Pearson Education. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"INAC (2014). Relat\u00f3rio Anual de Seguran\u00e7a Operacional 2012, Instituto Nacional de Avia\u00e7\u00e3o Civil."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"24","article-title":"Cardiac stress associated with display parachuting","volume":"37","author":"Poyatos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Maglischo, E.W. (2003). Nataci\u00f3n. T\u00e9cnica, Entrenamiento y Competici\u00f3n, Editorial Paidotribo."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"326","article-title":"The effect of different types of sports on resting heart rate variability and autonomic nervous system balance","volume":"14","author":"Grant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Phys. Health Educ. Recreat. Danc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1364","article-title":"Restrictions in working memory capacity during parachuting: A possible cause of \u2018no pull\u2019 fatalities","volume":"22","author":"Leach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00138","article-title":"Experience, cortisol reactivity, and the coordination of emotional responses to skydiving","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5688\/aj710478","article-title":"Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System","volume":"71","author":"McCorry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000207490","article-title":"Drugs, Biogenic Amine Targets and the Developing Brain","volume":"31","author":"Frederick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"69","article-title":"Homo Extremius: A Neologism Proposed in Sports Science Sumerianz","volume":"3","author":"Kipreos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2015.1069876","article-title":"Motivational orientation and risk taking in elite winter climbers: A qualitative study","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.039","article-title":"Addiction in Extreme Sports: An Exploration of Withdrawal States in Rock Climbers","volume":"5","author":"Heirene","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2542.2009","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability and Stress Hormones in Novice and Experienced Parachutists Anticipating a Jump","volume":"80","author":"Hynynen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.02.001","article-title":"Ambulatory and Challenge-Associated Heart Rate Variability Measures Predict Cardiac Responses to Real-World Acute Emotional Stress","volume":"67","author":"Dikecligil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"328","article-title":"Analysis of heart rate variability during acute exposure to hypoxia. Space Medicine & Medicine Engineering","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Space Med. Med. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1872","article-title":"Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump","volume":"35","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taelman, J., Vandeput, S., Spaepen, A., and Van Huffel, S. (2008, January 23\u201327). Influence of Mental Stress on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability. Proceedings of the 4th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, Antwerp, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89208-3_324"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.11.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of skydiving-related deaths and injuries: A 10-years prospective study of 6.2 million jumps between 2010 and 2019 in","volume":"24","author":"Fer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(07)80014-1","article-title":"Retrospective Study of Injuries in Military Parachuting","volume":"63","author":"Dhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3061.2011","article-title":"Military Parachuting Injuries, Associated Events, and Injury Risk Factors","volume":"82","author":"Knapik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:01:02Z","timestamp":1760137262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22093298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22093298","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]}}}