{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:30:51Z","timestamp":1772447451333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative 2","award":["115902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focal onset epileptic seizures are highly heterogeneous in their clinical manifestations, and a robust seizure detection across patient cohorts has to date not been achieved. Here, we assess and discuss the potential of supervised machine learning models for the detection of focal onset motor seizures by means of a wrist-worn wearable device, both in a personalized context as well as across patients. Wearable data were recorded in-hospital from patients with epilepsy at two epilepsy centers. Accelerometry, electrodermal activity, and blood volume pulse data were processed and features for each of the biosignal modalities were calculated. Following a leave-one-out approach, a gradient tree boosting machine learning model was optimized and tested in an intra-subject and inter-subject evaluation. In total, 20 seizures from 9 patients were included and we report sensitivities of 67% to 100% and false alarm rates of down to 0.85 per 24 h in the individualized assessment. Conversely, for an inter-subject seizure detection methodology tested on an out-of-sample data set, an optimized model could only achieve a sensitivity of 75% at a false alarm rate of 13.4 per 24 h. We demonstrate that robustly detecting focal onset motor seizures with tonic or clonic movements from wearable data may be possible for individuals, depending on specific seizure manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T21:37:53Z","timestamp":1651009073000},"page":"3318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Intra- and Inter-Subject Perspectives on the Detection of Focal Onset Motor Seizures in Epilepsy Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3407-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"B\u00f6ttcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"},{"name":"Ubiquitous Computing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany"},{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Consortium, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8166-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Consortium, London WC2R 2LS, UK"},{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2765-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nino","family":"Epitashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1476-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"D\u00fcmpelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"},{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Consortium, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Zabler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Glasstetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5345-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Ticcinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Consortium, London WC2R 2LS, UK"},{"name":"UCB Pharma, 1070 Anderlecht, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8973-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Consortium, London WC2R 2LS, UK"},{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Patient Advisory Board, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Consortium, London WC2R 2LS, UK"},{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Patient Advisory Board, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5296-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristof","family":"Van Laerhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Computing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark P.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Consortium, London WC2R 2LS, UK"},{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schulze-Bonhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"},{"name":"The RADAR-CNS Consortium, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32596-0","article-title":"Epilepsy in 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