{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:40:48Z","timestamp":1761198048273,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Designing an ultra-wideband array antenna for fifth generation (5G) is challenging for the antenna designing community because of the highly fragmented electromagnetic spectrum. To overcome bandwidth limitations, several millimeter-wave bands for 5G and beyond applications are considered; as a result, many antenna arrays have been proposed during the past decades. This paper aims to explore recent developments and techniques regarding a specific type of phased array antenna used in 5G applications, called current sheet array (CSA). CSA consists of capacitively coupled elements placed over a ground plane, with mutual coupling intentionally introduced in a controlled manner between the elements. CSA concept evolved and led to the realization of new array antennas with multiple octaves of bandwidth. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing works in this line of research. We analyze and discuss various aspects of the proposed array antennas with the wideband and wide-scan operation. Additionally, we discuss the significance of the phased array antenna in 5G communication. Moreover, we describe the current research challenges and future directions for CSA-based phased array antennas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T21:37:53Z","timestamp":1651009073000},"page":"3329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Current Sheet Antenna Array and 5G: Challenges, Recent Trends, Developments, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Shi-Wei","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Abu Bakar","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4133-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan Sani","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7097-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qammer H.","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.5783993","article-title":"An Introduction to Millimeter-Wave Mobile Broadband Systems","volume":"49","author":"Pi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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