{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T03:52:17Z","timestamp":1769053937735,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05202106M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05202106M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LZ20F010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ20F010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology on Information System Engineering Laboratory","award":["61901151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901151"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology on Information System Engineering Laboratory","award":["05202106M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05202106M"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology on Information System Engineering Laboratory","award":["LZ20F010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ20F010002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05202106M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05202106M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LZ20F010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ20F010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The multi-sonar distributed fusion system has been pervasively deployed to jointly detect and track marine targets. In the realistic scenario, the origin of locally transmitted tracks is uncertain due to clutter disturbance and the presence of multi-target. Moreover, attributed to the different sonar internal processing times and diverse communication delays between sonar and the fusion center, tracks unavoidably arrive in the fusion center with temporal out-of-sequence (OOS), both problems pose significant challenges to the fusion system. Under the distributed fusion framework with memory, this paper proposes a novel multiple forward prediction-integrated equivalent measurement fusion (MFP-IEMF) method, it fuses the multi-lag OOST with track origin uncertainty in an optimal manner and is capable to be implemented in both the synchronous and asynchronous multi-sonar tracks fusion system. Furthermore, a random central track initialization technique is also proposed to detect the randomly born marine target in time via quickly initiating and confirming true tracks. The numerical results show that the proposed algorithm achieves the same optimality as the existing OOS reprocessing method, and delivers substantially improved detection and tracking performance in terms of both ANCTT and estimation accuracy compared to the existing OOST discarding fusion method and the ANF-IFPFD method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"3335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multi-Sonar Distributed Fusion for Target Detection and Tracking in Marine Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1635-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-4805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Karachi Campus, Karachi 74200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1607-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ihsan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, CUI Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5592-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sufyan Ali","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defense Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Xu, S., Zhu, T., and Wang, T. 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