{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:05:23Z","timestamp":1760227523461,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publication Funds of the Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This contribution handles a single-channel radar method that utilizes frequency-coded sub-channels for enabling cross-range resolution. Because of the sub-channel coding, the whole area of interest (AOI) is scanned within a single radar measurement. To further enhance the cross-range resolution, the sub-channels\u2019 antenna beams are overlaid in this work, resulting in multiple coding signatures. Next to the operation theory, hardware components, such as coding filters and antennas, as well as signal processing methods, are presented and discussed in detail. A final measurement campaign that investigates several radar scenarios reveals high detection properties and proves the applicability of the proposed radar method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"3343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing the Radar Cross-Range Resolution in Ultra-Fast Radar Scans by Utilizing Frequency Coded Sub-Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0262-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Baer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Circuits, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Karsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Circuits, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Kaesbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Circuits, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Musch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Circuits, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dahl, C., Schulz, C., Will, B., Rolfes, I., Baer, C., and Musch, T. (2013, January 9\u201311). A feeding concept of a dielectric hemispherical lens antenna for polarimetric radar applications. Proceedings of the 2013 European Radar Conference, Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1515\/freq-2014-0116","article-title":"Radar based Ground Level Reconstruction Utilizing a Hypocycloid Antenna Positioning System","volume":"69","author":"Baer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frequenz"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baer, C., and Musch, T. (2014, January 3\u20139). Conceptual design of a high gain antenna system with wide range beam steering capability for broadband radar applications. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), Palm Beach, Aruba.","DOI":"10.1109\/APWC.2014.6905582"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Schulz, C., Will, B., Rolfes, I., Pohl, N., Baer, C., and Musch, T. (2013, January 9\u201311). Characterization of a beam steering lens antenna for industrial radar measurements in harsh environments. Proceedings of the 2013 European Radar Conference, Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Thekkan, P.B., Gurap, A., Singh, H., and Nair, R.U. (2020, January 2\u20134). Low RCS Automotive Radar Antenna with Beam Steering Capability. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONECCT), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CONECCT50063.2020.9198572"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafiq, Z., Podilchak, S.K., and Anagnostou, D.E. (2020, January 5\u201310). Monopulse Antenna in SIW Technology for Beam Steering Applications. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF35879.2020.9329925"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2177059","article-title":"Compact Dual-Band Antenna With Electronic Beam-Steering and Beamforming Capability","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3101891","article-title":"Design and Measurement of a Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antenna With Compact Varactor-Based Phase Shifters","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2282212","article-title":"Experimental Characterization of E-Band Two-Dimensional Electronically Beam-Steerable Integrated Lens Antennas","volume":"12","author":"Artemenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, Q., Shahzad, W., Ahmad, I., Safiq, S., Bin, X., Abbas, S.M., and Sun, H. (2022). Recent Developments and Challenges on Beam Steering Characteristics of Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antennas. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11040587"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litinskaya, Y.A., Nemshon, A.D., Stankovsky, A.V., Polenga, S.V., and Salomatov, Y.P. (2016, January 12\u201314). Experimental research of the antenna array with electronic and combine electronic and mechanical beam steering. Proceedings of the 2016 International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON), Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBCON.2016.7491862"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabbani, M.S., Churm, J., and Feresidis, A. (2020, January 15\u201320). Electro-Mechanically Tunable Meta-Surfaces for Beam-Steered Antennas from mm-Wave to THz. Proceedings of the 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP48036.2020.9135334"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasya, I., Iwakiri, N., and Kobayashi, T. (2014, January 8\u201310). Performance of joint direction-of-departure and direction-of-arrival estimation in UWB MIMO radars detecting targets with fluctuating radar cross sections. Proceedings of the 2014 11th European Radar Conference, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuRAD.2014.6991261"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J., Liu, F., Liu, H., and Liu, Q. (2022). Target Localization Based on High Resolution Mode of MIMO Radar with Widely Separated Antennas. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040902"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J., and Jiang, F. (2020). Low Complexity Beamspace Super Resolution for DOA Estimation of Linear Array. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082222"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, J., Dahl, H.C., Rolfes, I., and Barowski, J. (2019, January 16\u201318). Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Using MIMO Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Sensors. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Bochum, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-AMP.2019.8880115"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"935073","article-title":"Adaptive Forming of the Beam Pattern of Microstrip Antenna with the Use of an Artificial Neural Network","volume":"2012","author":"Dudczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag. Hindawi Publ. Corp"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoykhetbrod, A., Hommes, A., and Pohl, N. (2014, January 13\u201317). A scanning FMCW-radar system for the detection of fast moving objects. Proceedings of the 2014 International Radar Conference, Lille, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2014.7060388"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geibig, T., Shoykhetbrod, A., Hommes, A., Herschel, R., and Pohl, N. (2016, January 2\u20136). Compact 3D imaging radar based on FMCW driven frequency-scanning antennas. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.7485168"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karsch, N., Baer, C., and Musch, T. (2022, January 25\u201330). Cognitive FMCW-Radar Concept for Ultrafast Spatial Mapping using Frequency Coded Channels. Proceedings of the European Radar Conference 2022, London, UK. in print.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuRAD50154.2022.9784496"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Chen, B., Liu, H., and Bao, Z. (2005, January 9\u201312). PCA and kernel PCA for radar high range resolution profiles recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE International Radar Conference 2005, Arlington, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Chen, P., and Wicks, M.C. (2000, January 12). A procedure for detecting the number of signal components in a radar measurement. Proceedings of the Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037], Alexandria, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jithesh, V., Sagayaraj, M.J., and Srinivasa, K.G. (2017, January 9\u201310). LSTM recurrent neural networks for high resolution range profile based radar target classification. Proceedings of the 2017 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence & Communication Technology (CICT), Ghaziabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIACT.2017.7977298"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Murphy, K.P. (2012). Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective, The MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Jachowski, D.R. (2004, January 6\u201311). Passive enhancement of resonator Q in microwave notch filters. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37535), Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyette, A.C., Hunter, I.C., Pollard, R.D., and Jachowski, D.R. (2005, January 17). Perfectly-matched bandstop filters using lossy resonators. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2005.1516646"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, P.J. (1979, January 17\u201320). The Vivaldi Aerial. Proceedings of the 1979 9th European Microwave Conference, Brighton, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMA.1979.332681"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sugawara, S., Maita, Y., Adachi, K., Mori, K., and Mizuno, K. (1997, January 8\u201313). A mm-wave tapered slot antenna with improved radiation pattern. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Denver, CO, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:01:55Z","timestamp":1760137315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22093343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22093343","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}}}