{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:41:49Z","timestamp":1780540909860,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long Range (LoRa) systems have recently attracted significant attention within the research community as well as for commercial use due to their ability to transmit data over long distances at a relatively low energy cost. In this study, new results for the bit error rate performance of Long Range (LoRa) systems operating in the presence of Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami-m, Hoyt, \u03b7-\u03bc and generalized fading channels are presented. Specifically, we propose novel exact single integral expressions as well as simple, accurate expressions that yield tight results in the entire signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. The validity of our newly derived formulas is substantiated by comparing numerically evaluated results with equivalent ones, obtained using Monte-Carlo simulations and exact analytical expressions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"3350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["New Results for the Error Rate Performance of LoRa Systems over Fading Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8772-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kostas","family":"Peppas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Peloponnese, 22100 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0132-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon K.","family":"Chronopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Language Therapy, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Electronics-Telecommunications and Applications Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7675-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Loukatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Botanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5778-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Arvanitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Botanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7721743","article-title":"Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: The rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios","volume":"23","author":"Centenaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. 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