{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:18:23Z","timestamp":1777569503885,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council (NRC)","award":["HTSN-623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HTSN-623"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coherent detection provides the optimum performance for free space optical (FSO) communication systems. However, such detection systems are expensive and require digital phase noise compensation. In this paper, the transmission performance of long-haul FSO system for ground-to-satellite communication based on a Kramers\u2013Kronig (KK) transceiver is evaluated. KK transceivers utilize inexpensive direct detection receivers and the signal phase is retrieved from the received current using the well-known KK relations. KK transceivers are not sensitive to the laser phase noise and, hence, inexpensive lasers with large linewidths can be used at the transmitter. The transmission performance of coherent and KK transceivers is compared in various scenarios such as satellite-to-ground, satellite-to-satellite, and ground-to-satellite for weak, moderate, and strong turbulence. The results show that the transmission performance of a system based on the KK transceiver is comparable to that based on a coherent transceiver, but at a significantly lower system cost and complexity. It is shown that in the absence of turbulence, the coherent receiver has a ~3 dB performance advantage over the KK receiver. However, in the presence of strong turbulence, this performance advantage becomes negligible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"3435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Free Space Ground to Satellite Optical Communications Using Kramers\u2013Kronig Transceiver in the Presence of Atmospheric Turbulence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1458-7290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Naghshvarianjahromi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6390-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Jamal","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1970.7991","article-title":"Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Laser Communications: Part I-System Considerations for a Satellite Link","volume":"58","author":"Whitmer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1078\/1434-8411-54100103","article-title":"Space Laser Communications: A Review of Major Programs in the United States","volume":"56","author":"Koepf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intl. J. Electon. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2010.2047382","article-title":"Optical Communications for High-Altitude Platforms","volume":"16","author":"Fidler","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fidler, F. (2007). Optical Communications from High Altitude Platforms. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Communications and Radio Frequency Engineering, Vienna University of Technology]. Available online: http:\/\/publik.tuwien.ac.at\/files\/PubDat_112010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.000753","article-title":"Coherent detection in optical fiber systems","volume":"16","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., and Deen, M.J. (2014). Fiber Optic Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118684207"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.12.000547","article-title":"On the theory of the dispersion of X-rays","volume":"12","author":"Kronig","year":"1926","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"545","article-title":"La diffusion de la lumiere par les atomes","volume":"2","author":"Kramers","year":"1927","journal-title":"Atti Congr. Intern. Fis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1699431","article-title":"The response characteristics of linear systems","volume":"21","author":"Cini","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.91.398","article-title":"The formal theory of scattering","volume":"91","author":"Goldberger","year":"1953","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.29.269","article-title":"Quantum theory of fields and elementary particles","volume":"29","author":"Heisenberg","year":"1957","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2009.07.025","article-title":"Retrieving the full optical response from amplitude data by Hilbert transform","volume":"282","author":"Mecozzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mecozzi, A. (2016). A necessary and sufficient condition for minimum phase and implications for phase retrieval. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.001220","article-title":"Kramers\u2013Kronig coherent receiver","volume":"3","author":"Antonelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"394","article-title":"200G Outdoor Free-Space-Optics Link Using a Single-Photodiode Receiver","volume":"32","author":"Guiomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/OSA J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.2987648","article-title":"SSB Single Carrier and Multicarrier in C-Band FSO Transmission with KK Receiver","volume":"38","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/OSA J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.899174","article-title":"Outage capacity optimization for free-space optical links with pointing errors","volume":"25","author":"Farid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.28.000129","article-title":"Effects of atmospheric turbulence and building sway on optical wireless communication systems","volume":"28","author":"Arnon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.004946","article-title":"Optical wireless communication through fog in the presence of pointing errors","volume":"42","author":"Kedar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-021-00877-w","article-title":"Turbulence-resilient pilot-assisted self-coherent free-space optical communications using automatic optoelectronic mixing of many modes","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.66.000207","article-title":"Zernike polynomials and atmospheric turbulence","volume":"66","author":"Noll","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.004946","article-title":"Fiber-coupling efciency for free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence","volume":"44","author":"Dikmelik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.56.001372","article-title":"Optical Resolution Through a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium for Very Long and Very Short Exposures","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Pfennigbauer, M. (2004). Design of Optical Space-to-Ground Links for the International Space Station. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institut fur Nachrichtentechnik und Hochfrequenztechnik, TU Wien]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews, L.C., and Phillips, R.L. (2005). Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, SPIE. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1117\/3.626196"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Pratt, W.K. (1969). Laser Communication Systems, Wiley. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.001590","article-title":"Fixed threshold on-off keying differential detection for satellite optical communications","volume":"27","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2304182","article-title":"Compensating for Optical Beam Scattering and Wandering in FSO Communications","volume":"32","author":"Hulea","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-160","article-title":"Intensity feedback-based beam wandering mitigation in free-space optical communication using neural control technique","volume":"2014","author":"Raj","year":"2014","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12605","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.012605","article-title":"Controlling abruptly autofocusing vortex beams to mitigate crosstalk and vortex splitting in free-space optical communication","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Proakis, J.G., and Salehi, M. (2007). Digital Communications, McGraw Hill. [5th ed.]. Chapter 4."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4646","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3076067","article-title":"Nonlinear Coherent Optical Systems in the Presence of Equalization Enhanced Phase Noise","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.2010511","article-title":"Hardware-efficient coherent digital receiver concept with feedforward carrier recovery for M-QAM constellations","volume":"27","author":"Pfau","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2316732","article-title":"Staircase codes with 6% to 33% overhead","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2893851","article-title":"Survey of turbo, LDPC, and polar decoder ASIC implementations","volume":"21","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Bu, Y., Chen, P., Lau, F.C.M., and Al Otaibi, S. (2021). Irregular-mapped protograph LDPC-coded modulation: A bandwidth-efficient solution for 6G-enabled mobile networks. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 1\u201314."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2967127","article-title":"Design of polar codes in 5G new radio","volume":"23","author":"Bioglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deen, M.J., and Basu, P.K. (2012). Silicon Photonics: Fundamentals and Devices, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119945161"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:04:56Z","timestamp":1760137496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/9\/3435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22093435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22093435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]}}}