{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T01:19:35Z","timestamp":1766711975133,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a specialized form of wireless network that is solely intended for collaboration between vehicles. Several studies have shown that standard routing protocols cannot be implemented in VANETs because of their unique characteristics such as their significant count of vehicles on the network and the rapid evolution of the network\u2019s design. Because VANET communication links are broken very frequently, it is necessary to address the routing consistency of these highly dynamic networks. The transmission of VANET data may result in a substantial amount of overhead in the routing process; thus, it is vital to address the issue of overhead to enhance the overall network performance. The proposed protocol named compacted area with effective links (CAEL) is designed to focus on decreasing overhead to achieve an enhancement in PDR performance inside the network. The communication between selected nodes that have been judged to be dependable in terms of geographical location and appropriate existing links between vehicles is focused on achieving this goal. With the inclusion of the reliability factor, it is possible to complete the important step of removing extraneous nodes, with the selection of the trustworthy nodes being made based on the link expiration time during the whole routing procedure. When compared to our previously published protocols, i.e., Dynamic Trilateral Enrollment (DyTE) and Reliable Group of Vehicles (RGoV), the results of the simulations demonstrate that CAEL has achieved an overall improvement in the performance of the network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T08:26:35Z","timestamp":1651566395000},"page":"3448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Compacted Area with Effective Links (CAEL) for Data Dissemination in VANETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3729-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Karim","family":"Kazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5171-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shariq Mahmood","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7386-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waseemullah","family":"Waseemullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umer","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-4372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman","family":"Hina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaul, A., and Altaf, I. 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