{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:28:16Z","timestamp":1784140096354,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007835","name":"Silesian University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\/010\/RGJ22\/0068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/010\/RGJ22\/0068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a result of the proliferation of digital and network technologies in all facets of modern society, including the healthcare systems, the widespread adoption of Electronic Healthcare Records (EHRs) has become the norm. At the same time, Blockchain has been widely accepted as a potent solution for addressing security issues in any untrusted, distributed, decentralized application and has thus seen a slew of works on Blockchain-enabled EHRs. However, most such prototypes ignore the performance aspects of proposed designs. In this paper, a prototype for a Blockchain-based EHR has been presented that employs smart contracts with Hyperledger Fabric 2.0, which also provides a unified performance analysis with Hyperledger Caliper 0.4.2. The additional contribution of this paper lies in the use of a multi-hosted testbed for the performance analysis in addition to far more realistic Gossip-based traffic scenario analysis with Tcpdump tools. Moreover, the prototype is tested for performance with superior transaction ordering schemes such as Kafka and RAFT, unlike other literature that mostly uses SOLO for the purpose, which accounts for superior fault tolerance. All of these additional unique features make the performance evaluation presented herein much more realistic and hence adds hugely to the credibility of the results obtained. The proposed framework within the multi-host instances continues to behave more successfully with high throughput, low latency, and low utilization of resources for opening, querying, and transferring transactions into a healthcare Blockchain network. The results obtained in various rounds of evaluation demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T08:26:35Z","timestamp":1651566395000},"page":"3449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A Novel Blockchain-Based Healthcare System Design and Performance Benchmarking on a Multi-Hosted Testbed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2193-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihar Ranjan","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8840-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhilendra Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3136-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahil","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"},{"name":"Bio and Health Informatics Research Lab, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Kavita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"},{"name":"Machine Learning and Data Science Research Lab, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9086-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navneet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"},{"name":"Bio-Intelligence Research Lab, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9731-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diptendu Sinha","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6859-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Wadi Ad-Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5206-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fazal","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3037889","article-title":"A Novel Patient-Centric Architectural Framework for Blockchain-Enabled Healthcare Applications","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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