{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T04:07:27Z","timestamp":1771042047105,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI (Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)","award":["20K05185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K05185"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI (Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)","award":["21K12739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K12739"]}]},{"name":"GEAR 5.0 Project of the National Institute of Technology (KOSEN)","award":["20K05185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K05185"]}]},{"name":"GEAR 5.0 Project of the National Institute of Technology (KOSEN)","award":["21K12739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K12739"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biofilms are the result of bacterial activity. When the number of bacteria (attached to materials\u2019 surfaces) reaches a certain threshold value, then the bacteria simultaneously excrete organic polymers (EPS: extracellular polymeric substances). These sticky polymers encase and protect the bacteria. They are called biofilms and contain about 80% water. Other components of biofilm include polymeric carbon compounds such as polysaccharides and bacteria. It is well-known that biofilms cause various medical and hygiene problems. Therefore, it is important to have a sensor that can detect biofilms to solve such problems. Graphene is a single-atom-thick sheet in which carbon atoms are connected in a hexagonal shape like a honeycomb. Carbon compounds generally bond easily to graphene. Therefore, it is highly possible that graphene could serve as a sensor to monitor biofilm formation and growth. In our previous study, monolayer graphene was prepared on a glass substrate by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Its biofilm forming ability was compared with that of graphite. As a result, the CVD graphene film had the higher sensitivity for biofilm formation. However, the monolayer graphene has a mechanical disadvantage when used as a biofilm sensor. Therefore, for this new research project, we prepared bilayer graphene with high mechanical strength by using the CVD process on copper substrates. For these specimens, we measured the capacitance component of the specimens\u2019 impedance. In addition, we have included a discussion about the possibility of applying them as future sensors for monitoring biofilm formation and growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1652052445000},"page":"3548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impedance Characteristics of Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene Films with Biofilm Formation and Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Mie 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Mie 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9144-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Kanematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Mie 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Engineering, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie 510-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5016-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masatou","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5662-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana M.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"},{"name":"Science\/Math Tutoring Center, State University of New York at Canton, Canton, NY 13617, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8453-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Mie 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiko","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Mie 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3400-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobumitsu","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Mie 510-0294, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hagio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Ichino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahito","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Nippon Institute of Technology, Saitama 345-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Yoshitake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260230902","article-title":"Fouling biofilm development: A process analysis","volume":"23","author":"Characklis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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