{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T19:01:38Z","timestamp":1773774098107,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014132","name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18HLT06 RaCHy"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18HLT06 RaCHy"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon","award":["18HLT06 RaCHy"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18HLT06 RaCHy"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evaluation of the biological effects of therapeutic hyperthermia in oncology and the precise quantification of thermal dose, when heating is coupled with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, are active fields of research. The reliable measurement of hyperthermia effects on cells and tissues requires a strong control of the delivered power and of the induced temperature rise. To this aim, we have developed a radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic applicator operating at 434 MHz, specifically engineered for in vitro tests on 3D cell cultures. The applicator has been designed with the aid of an extensive modelling analysis, which combines electromagnetic and thermal simulations. The heating performance of the built prototype has been validated by means of temperature measurements carried out on tissue-mimicking phantoms and aimed at monitoring both spatial and temporal temperature variations. The experimental results demonstrate the capability of the RF applicator to produce a well-focused heating, with the possibility of modulating the duration of the heating transient and controlling the temperature rise in a specific target region, by simply tuning the effectively supplied power.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"3610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and Characterization of an RF Applicator for In Vitro Tests of Electromagnetic Hyperthermia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9243-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4816-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Androulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Nadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard C.","family":"van Rhoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4078-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Manzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2007.03.015","article-title":"Hyperthermia: A Potent Enhancer of Radiotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Horsman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. 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