{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:15:48Z","timestamp":1760228148878,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0209","952279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0209","952279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0209","952279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0209","952279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From 2018 to 2021, the Sussex-Huawei Locomotion-Transportation Recognition Challenge presented different scenarios in which participants were tasked with recognizing eight different modes of locomotion and transportation using sensor data from smartphones. In 2019, the main challenge was using sensor data from one location to recognize activities with sensors in another location, while in the following year, the main challenge was using the sensor data of one person to recognize the activities of other persons. We use these two challenge scenarios as a framework in which to analyze the effectiveness of different components of a machine-learning pipeline for activity recognition. We show that: (i) selecting an appropriate (location-specific) portion of the available data for training can improve the F1 score by up to 10 percentage points (p. p.) compared to a more naive approach, (ii) separate models for human locomotion and for transportation in vehicles can yield an increase of roughly 1 p. p., (iii) using semi-supervised learning can, again, yield an increase of roughly 1 p. p., and (iv) temporal smoothing of predictions with Hidden Markov models, when applicable, can bring an improvement of almost 10 p. p. Our experiments also indicate that the usefulness of advanced feature selection techniques and clustering to create person-specific models is inconclusive and should be explored separately in each use-case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"3613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["What Actually Works for Activity Recognition in Scenarios with Significant Domain Shift: Lessons Learned from the 2019 and 2020 Sussex-Huawei Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kalabakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Stankoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Kiprijanovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrejaana","family":"Andova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5428-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Re\u0161\u010di\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Janko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1220-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Gjoreski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana (USI), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matja\u017e","family":"Gams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitja","family":"Lu\u0161trek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10870","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2890793","article-title":"Enabling Reproducible Research in Sensor-Based Transportation Mode Recognition with the Sussex-Huawei Dataset","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Gjoreski, H., Ciliberto, M., Mekki, S., Valentin, S., and Roggen, D. 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