{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:56:00Z","timestamp":1780588560686,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007414","name":"Qassim University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Deanship of Scientific Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Deanship of Scientific Research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biometrics is the term for measuring human characteristics. If the term is divided into two parts, bio means life, and metric means measurement. The measurement of humans through different computational methods is performed to authorize a person. This measurement can be performed via a single biometric or by using a combination of different biometric traits. The combination of multiple biometrics is termed biometric fusion. It provides a reliable and secure authentication of a person at a higher accuracy. It has been introduced in the UIDIA framework in India (AADHAR: Association for Development and Health Action in Rural) and in different nations to figure out which biometric characteristics are suitable enough to authenticate the human identity. Fusion in biometric frameworks, especially FKP (finger\u2013knuckle print) and iris, demonstrated to be a solid multimodal as a secure framework. The proposed approach demonstrates a proficient and strong multimodal biometric framework that utilizes FKP and iris as biometric modalities for authentication, utilizing scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) and speeded up robust features (SURF). Log Gabor wavelet is utilized to extricate the iris feature set. From the extracted region, features are computed using principal component analysis (PCA). Both biometric modalities, FKP and iris, are combined at the match score level. The matching is performed using a neuro-fuzzy neural network classifier. The execution and accuracy of the proposed framework are tested on the open database Poly-U, CASIA, and an accuracy of 99.68% is achieved. The accuracy is higher compared to a single biometric. The neuro-fuzzy approach is also tested in comparison to other classifiers, and the accuracy is 98%. Therefore, the fusion mechanism implemented using a neuro-fuzzy classifier provides the best accuracy compared to other classifiers. The framework is implemented in MATLAB 7.10.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"3620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["RETRACTED: Match-Level Fusion of Finger-Knuckle Print and Iris for Human Identity Validation Using Neuro-Fuzzy Classifier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5346-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ved","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Pushkarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Anushree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arushi","family":"Mangla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mamaearth Pvt Ltd., Gurgaon 122001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Delhi 110040, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ateeq","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universit\u00e9 de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A3E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7337-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5320-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habib","family":"Hamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universit\u00e9 de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A3E9, Canada"},{"name":"International Institute of Technology and Management, Libreville BP1989, Gabon"},{"name":"Spectrum of Knowledge Production and Skills Development, Sfax 3027, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alinia Lat, R., Danishvar, S., Heravi, H., and Danishvar, M. 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