{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:24:58Z","timestamp":1764588298538,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41977230","2015B090925016","2016B010124007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977230","2015B090925016","2016B010124007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007162","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41977230","2015B090925016","2016B010124007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977230","2015B090925016","2016B010124007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For measuring and region-identifying the deep displacement of slopes, a rod-fiber coupling structure based on optical time-domain reflection technology was designed. Accuracy of measurement and region identification in the deep displacement of slopes were studied by calibration experiment and model experiment. A rod-fiber coupling structure was able to calculate the variation and accurately identify the region of deep displacement of a slope compared with the measured downslide displacement of the slope model. The maximum measurement error of the deep displacement of the slope was 10.1%, the identification error of the displacement region was less than 4.4%, and the accuracy of the displacement-region identification of the rod-fiber coupling structure was 3.1 cm. Thus, the rod-fiber coupling structure based on optical time-domain reflection technology can be used for measuring and for region identification in the deep displacement of the slopes, and can provide a new method for the identification of the sliding surfaces of slopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"3623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Measurement and Region Identification in Deep Displacement of Slopes Based on Rod-Fiber Coupling Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pengzhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Major Infrastructure Safety, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0083-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Major Infrastructure Safety, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Major Infrastructure Safety, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(00)00066-1","article-title":"Structural constraints on deep-seated slope deformation kinematics","volume":"59","author":"Agliardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-008-0126-3","article-title":"Slope inclinometers for landslides","volume":"5","author":"Stark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.02.007","article-title":"Temporal behavior of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations: A review","volume":"156","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-017-4652-0","article-title":"Development of a preliminary slope stability calculation method based on internal horizontal displacements","volume":"15","author":"Pei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Zhang, S., Chen, J., Teng, P., Wei, F., and Chen, Q. (2017). A Laboratory Experimental Study: An FBG-PVC Tube Integrated Device for Monitoring the Slip Surface of Landslides. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112486"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2011.01.010","article-title":"A novel distributed optic fiber transduser for landslides monitoring","volume":"49","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-018-1036-y","article-title":"Analysis of deformation characteristics and stability mechanisms of typical landslide mass based on the field monitoring in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550214","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5550214","article-title":"Analysis of Lateral Displacement Law of Deep Foundation Pit Support in Soft Soil Based on Improved MSD Method","volume":"2021","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7729-3","article-title":"Field investigation of force and displacement within a strata slope using a real-time remote monitoring system","volume":"77","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.12.030","article-title":"Timing and periodicity of paraglacial rock-slope failures in the Scottish Highlands","volume":"186","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(02)00057-0","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping by correlation between topography and geological structure: The Janghung area, Korea","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8201031","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8201031","article-title":"Instability Process Model Test for Bedding Rock Slope with Weak Interlayer under Different Rainfall Conditions","volume":"2018","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermomechanical forcing of deep rock slope deformation: 2. the Randa rock slope instability","volume":"116","author":"Gischig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.09.025","article-title":"Deep-seated failure propagation in a fractured rock slope over 10,000 years: The La Clapi\u00e8re slope, the south-eastern French Alps","volume":"105","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:8(688)","article-title":"Global Search Method for Locating General Slip Surface Using Monte Carlo Techniques","volume":"127","author":"Malkawi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-2110-2","article-title":"Developing an early warning system for a very slow landslide based on displacement monitoring","volume":"81","author":"Macciotta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2006.10.011","article-title":"Two-dimensional slope stability analysis by limit equilibrium and strength reduction methods","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Oboni, F., and Bourdeau, P.L. (1983, January 13\u201317). Determination of the Critical Slip Surface in Stability Problems. Proceedings of the International conference on applications of statistics and probability in soil and structural engineering, Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.07.008","article-title":"A review of some advanced sensors used for health diagnosis of civil engineering structures","volume":"129","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2011.06.009","article-title":"Microseismic monitoring and stability analysis of the left bank slope in Jinping first stage hydropower station in southwestern China","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9496285","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9496285","article-title":"Internal Deformation Monitoring of Slope Based on BOTDR","volume":"2016","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.10.012","article-title":"Investigation of the evolutionary process of a reinforced model slope using a fiber-optic monitoring network","volume":"186","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1139\/t85-031","article-title":"The geometry of slip surfaces beneath landslides: Predictions from surface measurements","volume":"22","author":"Carter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.01.056","article-title":"The sensing principle of a new type of crack sensor based on linear macro-bending loss of an optical fiber and its experimental investigation","volume":"272","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2015.02.017","article-title":"Optical fiber sensing of small cracks in isotropic homogeneous materials","volume":"225","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652329","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/652329","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure using optical fiber sensing technology: A comprehensive review","volume":"2014","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2017.03.003","article-title":"Model experimental study of landslides based on combined optical fiber transducer and different types of boreholes","volume":"155","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1109\/50.257947","article-title":"Statistical Properties of Rayleigh Backscattering in Single-Mode Fibers","volume":"11","author":"Peter","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE\/OSA J. Light. Technol"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.000039","article-title":"Loss properties due to Rayleigh scattering in different types of fiber","volume":"11","author":"Zhi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113410","article-title":"Deep lateral displacement sensing experiment for rod\u2013fiber coupling structure based on macrobending loss","volume":"336","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1109\/50.32386","article-title":"Advances in Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry","volume":"7","author":"Tateda","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000479","article-title":"Slope Stabilizing Piles and Pile-Groups: Parametric Study and Design Insights","volume":"137","author":"Kourkoulis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1982.1071408","article-title":"Single-Mode Fiber OTDR: Experiment and Theory","volume":"18","author":"Philen","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1978.1069826","article-title":"Bending losses of coated single-mode optical fibers","volume":"14","author":"Murakami","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-opt:19971272","article-title":"Spiral fibre microbend sensors","volume":"144","author":"Yoshino","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Optoelectron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf1972.16.2_19","article-title":"Regression Analysis of Soil Compressibility","volume":"16","author":"Azzouz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikkelsen, P.E. (2003, January 23\u201326). Advances in inclinometer data analysis. Proceedings of the Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439833483.ch73"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.106926","article-title":"Experimental research on a novel optic fiber sensor based on OTDR for landslide monitoring","volume":"148","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Do Carmo, M.P. (2016). Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces: Revised and Updated, Courier Dover Publications. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3623\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:08:49Z","timestamp":1760137729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22103623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22103623","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]}}}