{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:03:28Z","timestamp":1780542208693,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province; the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province","award":["20353501D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20353501D"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province; the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province","award":["21351802D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21351802D"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province; the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province","award":["2016YFC0802902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0802902"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["20353501D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20353501D"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["21351802D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21351802D"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC0802902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0802902"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["20353501D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20353501D"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["21351802D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21351802D"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC0802902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0802902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we designed a new type of digital hydraulic transformer using four gear\u2013pump\/motor units with a displacement ratio of 20:21:22:23 and two control valve groups that consist of four solenoid directional valves. The driving gear shafts of the four gear\u2013pump\/motor units are fixedly connected to achieve synchronous rotation. The two control valve groups are respectively installed through an integrated valve block on the inlet and outlet of each gear\u2013pump\/motor unit. With the objective of reducing the installed power and energy consumption of hydraulic traction systems, we propose a new energy-saving hydraulic system based on a digital hydraulic transformer. This hydraulic system uses a digital hydraulic transformer as a pressure\/flow control element. By controlling the power on\/off states of eight solenoid directional valves, the digital hydraulic transformer can realize a change in output flow and then a change in speed of the hydraulic cylinder piston rod. Through the theoretical derivation and simulation analysis of the hydraulic system pressure\/flow change process, and the experimental verification of the built hydraulic traction system based on the experimental platform, a conclusion is drawn that the proposed digital hydraulic transformer can change the output pressure\/flow of a hydraulic system through a binary digital control, verifying the feasibility of the pressure change principle of the designed digital hydraulic transformer and the rationality of the hydraulic traction system circuit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"3624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Analysis of and Experimental Research on a Hydraulic Traction System Based on a Digital Hydraulic Transformer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Weijian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Special Delivery Equipment, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Special Delivery Equipment, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"School of Vehicle and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Special Delivery Equipment, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengyi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Special Delivery Equipment, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Special Delivery Equipment, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"School of Vehicle and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSSC Systems Engineering Research Institute, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2648642","article-title":"Review of the energy hydraulic system based on common pressure rail","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cta.2020.0090","article-title":"Speed tracking control for hydraulic transformer system based on active regulating common pressure rail","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vael, G.E.M., Achten, P.A.J., and Fu, Z. 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