{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:08:05Z","timestamp":1770520085607,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kang Peng","award":["51974043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51974043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the influence of depth on the rockburst of surrounding rock in a circular tunnel, true-triaxial tests at different depths were carried out on cubic granite specimens with a circular through-going hole. A micro camera was used to monitor the rockburst process of the circular hole sidewall in real time. The test results show that the failure process at different depths can be divided into four periods: the calm period, the particle ejection period, the rock fragment exfoliation period, and the rock bursting period. With an increase in depth, the three-dimensional unequal stress state gradually increased; the failure range and the size of rock fragments increased, the initial failure vertical stress linearly increased, and the strength and stability of the surrounding rock were enhanced. Therefore, the support range of surrounding rock should be increased as the depth increased to improve the overall stability of surrounding rock and reduce the failure range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T23:08:36Z","timestamp":1652396916000},"page":"3679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Depth on Rockburst Characteristics in Circular Tunnels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.04.027","article-title":"Challenges in the mining and utilization of deep mineral resources","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2017.04.004","article-title":"Failure mechanism and coupled static-dynamic loading theory in deep hard rock mining: A review","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1235.2010.00193","article-title":"Preliminary engineering application of microseismic monitoring technique to rockburst prediction in tunneling of Jinping II project","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-020-4517-5","article-title":"Brazilian disc test study on tensile strength-weakening effect of high pre-loaded red sandstone under dynamic disturbance","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529897","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5529897","article-title":"Strength weakening effect of high prestatically loaded marble subjected to low-frequency dynamic disturbance under point load","volume":"2021","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock. Vib."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-019-01810-y","article-title":"Static and dynamic mechanical properties of granite from various burial depths","volume":"52","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.101","article-title":"Mechanical property of granite from different buried depths under uniaxial compression and dynamic impact: An energy-based investigation","volume":"362","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wang, X.J., Zhang, H., Chen, Q.L., Zeng, Q., and Liu, J. (2022). Acoustic emission characteristics and damage model of limestone loading with different rockburst tendencies. Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2803","article-title":"Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2018.01.003","article-title":"Field experiments on fracture evolution and correlations between connectivity and abutment pressure under top coal caving conditions","volume":"111","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-018-1509-y","article-title":"Study on the mechanical properties and mechanical response of coal mining at 1000 m or deeper","volume":"52","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2019.06.009","article-title":"Machine learning methods for rockburst prediction-state-of-the-art review","volume":"29","author":"Pu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-021-02666-x","article-title":"Microseismicity characteristics before and after a rockburst and mechanisms of intermittent rockbursts in a water diversion tunnel","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s100640050046","article-title":"Analysis of dynamic disturbance on rock burst","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2022.105116","article-title":"Experimental investigation of failure process and characteristics in circular tunnels under different stress states and internal unloading conditions","volume":"154","author":"Si","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.10.005","article-title":"Review of published rockburst events and their contributing factors","volume":"246","author":"Keneti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2020.04.009","article-title":"A comprehensive geomechanical method for the assessment of rockburst hazards in underground mining","volume":"30","author":"Makowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"933","article-title":"The difference analysis of rockburst and coal burst and key mechanisms of deep engineering geological hazards","volume":"29","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, F.Q., Luo, S., Jiang, Q., and Xu, L. (2022). Theoretical verification of the rationality of strain energy storage index as rockburst criterion based on linear energy storage law. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2021.12.015"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1139\/t98-072","article-title":"Hoek-Brown parameters for predicting the depth of brittle failure around tunnels","volume":"36","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1365-1609(02)00051-5","article-title":"Modelling brittle failure of rock","volume":"39","author":"Hajiabdolmajid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Si, X.F., Huang, L.Q., Gong, F.Q., and Li, X.B. (2022, March 03). Failure Process and Characteristics of Three-Dimensional High-Stress Circular Tunnel under Saturated Water Content. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. Available online: https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms\/detail\/43.1239.TG.20220301.1815.030.html."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Feng, X.T. (2017). Rockburst: Mechanism, Monitoring, Warning and Mitigation, Elsevier-Health Sciences Division."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105209","article-title":"Rockburst and microseismic characteristics around lithological interfaces under different excavation directions in deep tunnels","volume":"260","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-011-0218-6","article-title":"Case histories of four extremely intense rockbursts in deep tunnels","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2020.104347","article-title":"Strength-weakening effect and shear-tension failure mode transformation mechanism of rockburst for fine-grained granite under triaxial unloading compression","volume":"131","author":"Si","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"28","article-title":"Study on occurrence law and prevention measures of rock burst with high stress characteristic in kilometer deep well of metal mine","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2004.03.157","article-title":"Analysis of rockbursts that have occurred in a waterway tunnel in Korea","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2004.09.012","article-title":"20 years of excavation response studies at AECL\u2019s Underground Research Laboratory","volume":"41","author":"Read","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-014-0696-3","article-title":"Analysis of rockburst mechanisms induced by structural planes in deep tunnels","volume":"74","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2017.02.005","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the occurrence of rockburst in a rock specimen through infrared thermography and acoustic emission","volume":"93","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-021-02377-1","article-title":"Rockburst response in hard rock owing to excavation unloading of twin tunnels at great depth","volume":"80","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9031(87)90854-1","article-title":"The influence of rock properties on the occurrence and control of rockbursts","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9031(89)90404-0","article-title":"Classification of mine workings according to their rockburst proneness","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-020-4518-4","article-title":"Experimental investigation on influence of loading rate on rockburst in deep circular tunnel under true-triaxial stress condition","volume":"27","author":"Si","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(21)65770-9","article-title":"Mechanical properties and rockburst proneness of phyllite under uniaxial compression","volume":"31","author":"Si","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-018-1613-z","article-title":"Experiment on rockburst process of borehole and its acoustic emission characteristics","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"481","article-title":"Fracture response and mechanisms of brittle rock with different numbers of openings under uniaxial loading","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2018.07.035","article-title":"Experimental simulation investigation on rockburst induced by spalling failure in deep circular tunnels","volume":"81","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-018-1660-5","article-title":"Experimental investigation of strain rockburst in circular caverns under deep three-dimensional high-stress conditions","volume":"52","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-020-4339-5","article-title":"Experimental simulation investigation of influence of depth on spalling characteristics in circular hard rock tunnel","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-020-02105-3","article-title":"Linear energy storage and dissipation laws of rocks under preset angle shear conditions","volume":"53","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-019-01782-z","article-title":"ISRM Suggested Method: Determining deformation and failure characteristics of rocks subjected to true triaxial compression","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1976)4<425:ICOGRA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"IUGS classification of granitic rocks: A critique","volume":"4","author":"Lyons","year":"1976","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1993","article-title":"A new criterion of rock burst proneness based on the linear energy storage law and the residual elastic energy index","volume":"37","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2019.03.020","article-title":"A peak-strength strain energy storage index for rock burst proneness of rock materials","volume":"117","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11223-013-9444-3","article-title":"State of volumetric damage of tribo-fatigue system","volume":"45","author":"Shcherbakov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Strength Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"292","article-title":"Research on tensile behaviour of new structural material MoNiCa","volume":"25","author":"Bahdanovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"432","article-title":"Tribo-fatigue behavior of austempered ductile iron MoNiCa as new structural material for rail-wheel system","volume":"26","author":"Bendikiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(78)91227-5","article-title":"Trends in relationships between measured in-situ stresses and depth","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Stephansson, O., S\u00e4rkk\u00e4, P., and Myrvang, A. (1986, January 1\u20133). State of stress in Fennoscandia. Proceedings of the Rock Stress and Rock Stress Measurement, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7952(86)90028-1","article-title":"Potential for rock bursting and slabbing in deep caverns","volume":"22","author":"Dowding","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2004.12.002","article-title":"Assessment of excavation damaged zone using micromechanics model","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Balkema, A.A. (1998). Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock, CRC Press."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:09:39Z","timestamp":1760137779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22103679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22103679","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]}}}