{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T04:04:11Z","timestamp":1768709051046,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005667","name":"FAPESC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021TR001851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TR001851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AEB (Ag\u00eancia Espacial Brasileira)","award":["2021TR001851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TR001851"]}]},{"name":"CNPq\/Brazil (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development)","award":["2021TR001851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TR001851"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When managing a constellation of nanosatellites, one may leverage this structure to improve the mission\u2019s quality-of-service (QoS) by optimally distributing the tasks during an orbit. In this sense, this research proposes an offline energy-aware task scheduling problem formulation regarding the specifics of constellations, by considering whether the tasks are individual, collective, or stimulated to be redundant. By providing such an optimization framework, the idea of estimating an offline task schedule can serve as a baseline for the constellation design phase. For example, given a particular orbit, from the simulation of an irradiance model, the engineer can estimate how the mission value is affected by the inclusion or exclusion of individuals objects. The proposed model, given in the form of a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model, is illustrated in this work for several illustrative scenarios considering different sets of tasks and constellations. We also perform an analysis of the Pareto-optimal frontier of the problem, identifying the feasible trade-off points between constellation and individual tasks. This information can be useful to the decision-maker (mission operator) when planning the behavior in orbit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1652608102000},"page":"3715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Energy-Aware Task Scheduling for Quality-of-Service Assurance in Constellations of Nanosatellites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laio Oriel","family":"Seman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Applied Computer Science, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed (UNIVALI), Itaja\u00ed 88302-901, SC, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Automation and Systems Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda F.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cezar A.","family":"Rigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edemar Morsch","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Aerospace Engineering, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0236-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Camponogara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Systems Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5071-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Space Agency (AEB), Brasilia 70610-200, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2191-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo A.","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). 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