{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:21:21Z","timestamp":1760228481468,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52075315","51675321","15ZR1415800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075315","51675321","15ZR1415800"]}]},{"name":"the Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["52075315","51675321","15ZR1415800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075315","51675321","15ZR1415800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) is an effective scientific instrument for studying sub-micron structures, and it has been widely used in the field of biological detection. However, the illumination depth of LSCMs is limited due to the optical aberrations introduced by living biological tissue, which acts as an optical medium with a non-uniform refractive index, resulting in a significant dispersion of the focus of LSCM illumination light and, hence, a loss in the resolution of the image. In this study, to minimize the effect of optical aberrations, an image-based adaptive optics technology using an optimized stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm with an adaptive coefficient is applied to the optical path of an LSCM system. The effectiveness of the proposed aberration correction approach is experimentally evaluated in the LSCM system. The results illustrate that the proposed adaptive optics system with an adaptive coefficient SPGD algorithm can effectively reduce the interference caused by aberrations during depth imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1652608102000},"page":"3755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Active Aberration Correction with Adaptive Coefficient SPGD Algorithm for Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kunhua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhizheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azhar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Sivanandam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2021.103200","article-title":"Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Study of Intercellular Events in Filopodia Using 3-Mercaptopropoinc Acid Capped CdSe\/ZnS Quantum Dots","volume":"153","author":"Vyshnava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109567","article-title":"Phase Volume Quantification of Agarose-Ghee Gels Using 3D Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Blending Law Analysis: A Comparison","volume":"129","author":"Mhaske","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01149-9","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Adaptive Optical Nanoscopy for Thick Specimen Imaging at Sub-50-Nm Resolution","volume":"18","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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