{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:20:08Z","timestamp":1787592008506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national defense basic scientific research project","award":["JCKY2020206B034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCKY2020206B034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) and interferometric synthetic aperture sonar (InSAS) have a range layover phenomenon during underwater observation, the AUV-mounted circular synthetic aperture sonar (CSAS) system, that insonifies targets using multiple circular scans that vary in height and can eliminate the layover phenomenon. However, this observation method is time-consuming and difficult to compensate. To solve this problem, the circular array synthetic aperture sonar (CASAS) based on the equivalent phase center was established for unmanned surface vehicles. Corresponding to the echo signal model of circular array synthetic aperture sonar, a novel three-dimensional imaging algorithm was derived. Firstly, the echo datacube was processed by signal calibration with near-field to far-field transformation and grid interpolation. Then, the sparse recover method was adopted to achieve the scattering coefficient in the height direction by sparse Bayesian learning. Thirdly, the Fourier slice theorem was adopted to obtain the 2D image of the ground plane. After the reconstruction of all height slice cells was accomplished, the final 3D image was obtained. Numerical simulations and experiments using the USV-mounted CASAS system were performed. The imaging results verify the effectiveness of the 3D imaging algorithm for the proposed model and validate the feasibility of CASAS applied in underwater target imaging and detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T08:34:29Z","timestamp":1652776469000},"page":"3797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Three-Dimensional Imaging of Circular Array Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Unmanned Surface Vehicle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0173-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Underwater Acoustic Antagonizing, Shanghai 201108, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Marine Electronic Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai 201108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Underwater Acoustic Antagonizing, Shanghai 201108, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Marine Electronic Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai 201108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanmin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Underwater Acoustic Antagonizing, Shanghai 201108, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Marine Electronic Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai 201108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2155071","article-title":"Challenges in seafloor imaging and mapping with synthetic aperture sonar","volume":"49","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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