{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T01:55:40Z","timestamp":1784253340365,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2018028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018028"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2019025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuous phase modulation (CPM) technique is an excellent solution for underwater acoustic (UWA) channels with limited bandwidth and high propagation attenuation. However, the severe intersymbol interference is a big problem for the algorithm applying in shallow water. To solve this problem, an algorithm for prefiltered single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (PF-SCFDE) is presented in this paper. The regular whitening filter is replaced by a prefilter in the proposed algorithm. The output information sequence of this prefilter contains the forward information. To improve the performance, the output of the equalizer, combined with the forward information, is used to make the maximum likelihood estimation. The simulation results with minimum-shift keying and Gaussian-filtered minimum-shift keying signals over shallow water acoustic channels with low root mean square delay spread demonstrate that PF-SCFDE outperformed the traditional single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SCFDE) by approximately 1 dB under a bit error rate (BER) of 10\u22124. A shallow sea trial has demonstrated the effectiveness of PF-SCFDE; PF-SCFDE had a reduction in BER of 18.35% as compared to the traditional SCFDE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T23:14:26Z","timestamp":1652915666000},"page":"3821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prefiltered Single-Carrier Frequency-Domain Equalization for Binary CPM over Shallow Water Acoustic Channel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ruigang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianchun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5235-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Advances of research work in UWA","volume":"26","author":"Qihu","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACTA Acoust."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"Development of UWA communication technology","volume":"34","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3664053","article-title":"Properties of UWA communication channels in shallow water","volume":"131","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1981.1095001","article-title":"Continuous phase modulation- part i: Full response signaling","volume":"29","author":"Aulin","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1981.1094985","article-title":"Continuous phase modulation-part ii: Partial response signaling","volume":"29","author":"Aulin","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2906231","article-title":"Turbo-estimation for CPM over frequency-selective fast fading channels","volume":"68","author":"Lankl","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zang, G., Huang, B., and Chen, L. (2019, January 24\u201326). Performance analysis of the MSK modulation system over wireless fading channels. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 8th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAIC.2019.8785537"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arabian, F., and Rice, M. (December, January 29). Polarization combining and equalization for aeronautical mobile telemetry. Proceedings of the MILCOM 2021-2021 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM52596.2021.9652981"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2791098","article-title":"Equalization techniques of control and non-payload communication links for unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"6","author":"Darsena","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Yiin, L., and Stuber, G.L. (1996, January 23\u201327). MLSE and soft-output equalization for trellis-coded continuous phase modulation. Proceedings of the ICC\/SUPERCOMM \u201996-International Conference on Communications, Dallas, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1109\/26.24594","article-title":"Delayed decision-feedback sequence estimation","volume":"37","author":"Heegard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2005.853901","article-title":"Frequency-domain equalization for continuous phase modulation","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1986.1096504","article-title":"Exact and approximate construction of digital phase modulations by superposition of amplitude modulated pulses (AMP)","volume":"34","author":"Laurent","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2006.873073","article-title":"Equalization algorithms in the frequency domain for continuous phase modulations","volume":"54","author":"Pancaldi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.080146","article-title":"Low complexity linear frequency domain equalization for continuous phase modulation","volume":"8","author":"Thillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6404128","article-title":"Linear frequency domain equalization of SOQPSK-TG for wideband aeronautical telemetry channels","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Thillo, W.V., Ramon, V., Bourdoux, A., Horlin, F., Sleurs, K., and Lauwereins, R. (December, January 30). Training sequence versus cyclic prefix for CPM with frequency domain equalization. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2009-2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, C., and Vigneron, P.J. (2011, January 7\u201310). Channel estimation and equalisation for single carrier continuous phase modulation. Proceedings of the 2011-MILCOM 2011 Military Communications Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2011.6127687"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chayot, R., Thomas, N., Poulliat, C., Boucheret, M., Wambeke, N.V., and Lesthievent, G. (2017, January 23\u201325). Channel estimation and equalization for CPM with application for aeronautical communications via a satellite link. Proceedings of the MILCOM 2017-2017 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2017.8170746"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Weber, R., Waldhorst, A., Schulz, F., and Bohme, J.F. (2001, January 5\u20138). Blind receivers for MSK signals transmitted through shallow water. Proceedings of the MTS\/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295), Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vadde, V., Lalapura, V.S., and Yashaswini, P. (2011, January 16\u201318). GMSK modulation for reverberation limited underwater acoustic time reversal mirror based communication. Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Ocean Electronics, Kochi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYMPOL.2011.6170525"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Ma, T., Gang, Q., and Kuang, B. (2016, January 5\u20138). Bionic communication by dolphin whistle with continuous-phase based on MSK modulation. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC.2016.7753725"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darsena, D., Gelli, G., Verde, F., and Iudice, I. (2016, January 22\u201323). LTV equalization of CPM signals over doubly-selective aeronautical channels. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Metrology for Aerospace (MetroAeroSpace), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroAeroSpace.2016.7573189"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2007.909108","article-title":"Signal recovery from random measurements via orthogonal matching pursuit","volume":"53","author":"Tropp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2021.108397","article-title":"Autoregressive model of an underwater acoustic channel in the frequency domain","volume":"185","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3821\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:14:01Z","timestamp":1760138041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22103821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22103821","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]}}}