{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:22:36Z","timestamp":1760228556562,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia through the Research Group","award":["RG-1439-039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1439-039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptography protects privacy and confidentiality. So, it is necessary to guarantee that the ciphers used are secure and cryptanalysis-resistant. In this paper, a new state recovery attack against the RC4 stream cipher is revealed. A plaintext attack is used in which the attacker has both the plaintext and the ciphertext, so they can calculate the keystream and reveal the cipher\u2019s internal state. To increase the quality of answers to practical and recent real-world global optimization difficulties, researchers are increasingly combining two or more variations. PSO and EO are combined in a hybrid PSOEO in an uncertain environment. We may also convert this method to its binary form to cryptanalyze the internal state of the RC4 cipher. When solving the cryptanalysis issue with HBPSOEO, we discover that it is more accurate and quicker than utilizing both PSO and EO independently. Experiments reveal that our proposed fitness function, in combination with HBPSOEO, requires checking 104 possible internal states; however, brute force attacks require checking 2128 states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:18:11Z","timestamp":1653005891000},"page":"3844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Novel Binary Hybrid PSO-EO Algorithm for Cryptanalysis of Internal State of RC4 Cipher"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rizk M.","family":"Rizk-Allah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Abdulkader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samah S. Abd","family":"Elatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Basic Engineering Science, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Tanta 31739, Gharbia, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wail S.","family":"Elkilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2436-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eslam","family":"Al Maghayreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4668-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habib","family":"Dhahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Kairouan, Sidi Bouzid 4352, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awais","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stinson, D.R. 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