{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:31:47Z","timestamp":1771518707192,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AEI (Spanish Research State Agency)","award":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"]}]},{"name":"AEI (Spanish Research State Agency)","award":["ACIF\/2020\/147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACIF\/2020\/147"]}]},{"name":"Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital","award":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"]}]},{"name":"Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital","award":["ACIF\/2020\/147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACIF\/2020\/147"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Universities in the Government of Spain","award":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Universities in the Government of Spain","award":["ACIF\/2020\/147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACIF\/2020\/147"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["ACIF\/2020\/147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACIF\/2020\/147"]}]},{"name":"Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche","award":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111023RB-C32"]}]},{"name":"Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche","award":["ACIF\/2020\/147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACIF\/2020\/147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A radio frequency (RF)-based system for surgical navigation is presented. Surgical navigation technologies are widely used nowadays for aiding the surgical team with many interventions. However, the currently available options still pose considerable limitations, such as line-of-sight occlusion prevention or restricted materials and equipment allowance. In this work, we suggest a different approach based on a microwave broadband antenna system. We combine techniques from microwave medical imaging, which can overcome the current limitations in surgical navigation technologies, and we propose methods to develop RF-based systems for real-time tracking neurosurgical tools. The design of the RF system to perform the measurements is shown and discussed, and two methods (Multiply and Sum and Delay Multiply and Sum) for building the medical images are analyzed. From these measurements, a surgical tool\u2019s position tracking system is developed and experimentally assessed in an emulated surgical scenario. The reported results are coherent with other approaches found in the literature, while overcoming their main practical limitations. The discussion of the results discloses some hints on the validity of the system, the optimal configurations depending on the requirements, and the possibilities for future enhancements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:18:11Z","timestamp":1653005891000},"page":"3845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Validation of an RF Image System for Real-Time Tracking Neurosurgical Tools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4923-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Blanco-Angulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering of Elche, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1320-3312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering of Elche, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering of Elche, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Maz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering of Elche, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7608-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Arias-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering of Elche, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2856-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"\u00c1vila-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering of Elche, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Sabater-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering of Elche, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrmann, K., Nieweg, O., and Povoski, S. 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