{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T06:52:34Z","timestamp":1773730354213,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de Santiago de Chile"},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Steel\u2013concrete composite systems are an efficient alternative to mid- and high-rise building structures because of their high strength-to-weight ratio when compared to traditional concrete or steel constructive systems. Nevertheless, composite structural systems are susceptible to damage due to, for example, deficient construction processes, errors in design and detailing, steel corrosion, and the drying shrinkage of concrete. As a consequence, the overall strength of the structure may be significantly decreased. In view of the relevance of this subject, the present paper addresses the damage detection problem in a steel\u2013concrete composite structure with an impact-hammer-based modal testing procedure. The mathematical formulation adopted in this work allows for the identification of regions where stiffness varies with respect to an initial virgin state without the need for theoretical models of the undamaged structure (such as finite element models). Since mode shape curvatures change due to the loss of stiffness at the presence of cracks, a change in curvature was adopted as a criterion to quantify stiffness reduction. A stiffness variability index based on two-dimensional mode shape curvatures is generated for several points on the structure, resulting in a damage distribution pattern. Our numerical predictions were compared with experimentally measured data in a full-scale steel\u2013concrete composite beam subjected to bending and were successfully validated. The present damage detection strategy provides further insight into the failure mechanisms of steel\u2013concrete composite structures, and promotes the future development of safer and more reliable infrastructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:18:11Z","timestamp":1653005891000},"page":"3874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Damage Detection in Steel\u2013Concrete Composite Structures by Impact Hammer Modal Testing and Experimental Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6692-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Meruane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370456, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8856-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio J.","family":"Yanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. V\u00edctor Jara 3659, Santiago 8990000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-7169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Quinteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370456, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0283-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick I.","family":"Saavedra Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. V\u00edctor Jara 3659, Santiago 8990000, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-974X(94)90021-3","article-title":"Composite connections in steel and concrete. I. 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