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The experiments are to test and evaluate different transparency levels and combinations of information in different channels of the in-vehicle robot, based on a driving simulator to collect subjective and objective data, which focuses on users\u2019 safety, usability, trust, and emotion dimensions under driving conditions. The results show that appropriate transparency expression is able to improve drivers\u2019 driving control and subjective evaluation and that drivers need a different amount of transparency information in different types of tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T04:27:22Z","timestamp":1653020842000},"page":"3875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Design of Proactive Interaction for In-Vehicle Robots Based on Transparency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jianmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Arts and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"Nanchang Research Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Nanchang 330224, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Arts and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6529-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Arts and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Arts and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengji","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Arts and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Arts and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moniz, A.B., and Krings, B.-J. 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