{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T08:39:34Z","timestamp":1769503174608,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2022R323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R323"]}]},{"name":"This research was supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["A10N01UN100120220001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A10N01UN100120220001"]}]},{"name":"This research was supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["TURSP-2020\/34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/34"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, University of Bouira, Algeria","award":["PNURSP2022R323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R323"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, University of Bouira, Algeria","award":["A10N01UN100120220001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A10N01UN100120220001"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, University of Bouira, Algeria","award":["TURSP-2020\/34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/34"]}]},{"name":"Taif University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2022R323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R323"]}]},{"name":"Taif University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["A10N01UN100120220001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A10N01UN100120220001"]}]},{"name":"Taif University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["TURSP-2020\/34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/34"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radio communication systems are very widely present in our current smart lifestyles. It consists of two ends, which can carry the transmitter\u2019s information to the receptor. Before installing any radio communication system, it is necessary to analyze the link resources. Hence, this analysis allows the determination of the received radio communication strength to prove if it is sufficient for the link to work correctly and assure a high quality of service. For this reason, new services and technologies are integrated. The objective of the present work is to improve the performance of the radio communication link of 4G systems. The study is based on real measurements using the drive test. The data collected by the drive test are analyzed to increase the performance of the radio communication. Based on this data analysis, recommendations and suggestions are issued for improving the radio communication link. The obtained results indicate a significant amelioration in the performance of the radio communication link.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T07:13:57Z","timestamp":1653203637000},"page":"3923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of Radio Communication Links of 4G Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9858-8612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mouloud","family":"Ayad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6395-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reem","family":"Alkanhel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Kamel","family":"Saoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mourad","family":"Benziane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4204-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smail","family":"Medjedoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Applied Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif S. M.","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nossire, Z., Gupta, N., Almazaydeh, L., and Xiong, X. (2018). New empirical path loss model for 28 GHz and 38 GHz millimeter wave in indoor urban under various conditions. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8112122"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vithanawasam, C.K., Then, Y.L., and Su, H.T. (2020, January 1\u20133). Calculation of Data Rates for Varying Scenarios Using Free Space Path Loss and Okumura-Hata Model in the TVWS Frequency Band. Proceedings of the IEEE 8th R10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), Kuching, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/R10-HTC49770.2020.9357022"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5713-6","article-title":"Review of wireless personal communications radio propagation models in high altitude mountainous areas at 2.6 GHz","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-021-02586-2","article-title":"The urban traffic noise monitoring system based on LoRaWAN technology","volume":"28","author":"Brtka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100235","article-title":"Benchmarking RSS-based localization algorithms with LoRaWAN","volume":"11","author":"Janssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04101","article-title":"Investigation of path loss and modeling for digital terrestrial television over Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Akinbolati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhao, K., Zheng, Z., Ji, W., Huang, S., and Ma, D. (2022). Indoor Positioning with CNN and Path-Loss Model Based on Multivariable Fingerprints in 5G Mobile Communication System. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093179"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samad, M.A., Diba, F.D., Kim, Y.J., and Choi, D.Y. (2021). Results of Large-Scale Propagation Models in Campus Corridor at 3.7 and 28 GHz. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227747"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimienta-del-Valle, D., Mendo, L., Riera, J.M., and Garcia-del-Pino, P. (2020). Indoor LOS Propagation Measurements and Modeling at 26, 32, and 39 GHz Millimeter-Wave Frequency Bands. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9111867"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Saman, A., Cheffena, M., Elijah, O., Al-Gumaei, Y.A., Abdul Rahim, S.K., and Al-Hadhrami, T. (2021). Survey of millimeter-wave propagation measurements and models in indoor environments. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10141653"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Saman, A., Mohamed, M., Cheffena, M., and Moldsvor, A. (2021). Wideband channel characterization for 6G networks in industrial environments. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062015"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojcicki, P., Zientarski, T., Charytanowicz, M., and Lukasik, E. (2021). Estimation of the Path-Loss Exponent by Bayesian Filtering Method. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21061934"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-G\u00f3mez, A., Rangel, V., Edwards, R.M., Davis, J.G., Aquino, R., L\u00f3pez-De la Cruz, J., Mendoza-Cano, O., Lopez-Gurrero, M., and Geng, Y. (2021). A Propagation Study of LoRa P2P Links for IoT Applications: The Case of Near-Surface Measurements over Semitropical Rivers. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206872"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isabona, J., Imoize, A.L., Ojo, S., Lee, C.C., and Li, C.T. (2022). Atmospheric Propagation Modelling for Terrestrial Radio Frequency Communication Links in a Tropical Wet and Dry Savanna Climate. Information, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/info13030141"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3122286","article-title":"Path Loss Prediction Model Development in a Mountainous Forest Environment","volume":"2","author":"Myagmardulam","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3041935","article-title":"Receiver-Sensitivity Control for Energy-Efficient IoT Networks","volume":"25","author":"Detterer","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakim, G.P., Habaebi, M.H., Toha, S.F., Islam, M.R., Yusoff, S.H.B., Adesta, E.Y.T., and Anzum, R. (2022). Near Ground Path loss Propagation Model Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Wireless Sensor Network Communication in Forest, Jungle and Open Dirt Road Environments. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093267"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., and Wu, Z.D. (2021, January 26\u201327). Research on radio propagation model based on VHF band. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITBS53129.2021.00067"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1109\/T-VT.1980.23859","article-title":"Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services","volume":"29","author":"Hata","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-021-03112-6","article-title":"Analysis of optical power budget in DWDM-FSO link under outdoor atmospheric channel model","volume":"53","author":"Alipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2018.09.007","article-title":"An Efficient CoMP-based Handover Scheme for Evolving Wireless Networks","volume":"340","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107280","article-title":"Analysis of Hidden Node Problem in LTE Networks Deployed in Unlicensed Spectrum","volume":"177","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3923\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:16:30Z","timestamp":1760138190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22103923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22103923","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]}}}