{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:24:44Z","timestamp":1760228684479,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003473","name":"Yong Elite Research Program of Harbin University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8402\/217045088","F201421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8402\/217045088","F201421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8402\/217045088","F201421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8402\/217045088","F201421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measuring temperature changes at the body-seat interface has been drawing increased attention from both industrial and scientific fields, due to the increasingly sedentary nature from daily leisure activity to routine work. Although contact measurement is considered the gold standard, it can affect the local micro-environment and the perception of sitting comfort. A non-contact temperature measurement system was developed to determine the interface temperature using data gathered unobtrusively and continuously from an infrared sensor (IRs). System performance was evaluated regarding linearity, hysteresis, reliability and accuracy. Then a healthy participant sat for an hour on low\/intermediate density foams with thickness varying from 0.5\u20138 cm while body-seat interface temperature was measured simultaneously using a temperature sensor (contact) and an IRs (non-contact). IRs data were filtered with empirical mode decomposition and fractal scaling indices before a data-driven artificial neural network was utilized to estimate the contact surface temperature. A strong correlation existed between non-contact and contact temperature measurement (\u03c1 &gt; 0.85) and the estimation results showed a low root mean square error (RMSE) (&lt;0.07 for low density foam and &lt;0.16 for intermediate density foam) and high Nash-Sutcliff efficiency (NSE) values (\u22481 for both types of foam materials).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"3941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Single Subject, Feasibility Study of Using a Non-Contact Measurement to \u201cVisualize\u201d Temperature at Body-Seat Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zhuofu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring and Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cascioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch University Chiropractic Clinic, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Science and Education, University of South Wales, Treforest, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 1334, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.03.003","article-title":"Thermal comfort of seats as visualized by infrared thermography","volume":"62","author":"Sales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. 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