{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:16:51Z","timestamp":1768900611575,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have developed a new compact and cost-efficient Laser-Raman system for the simultaneous measurement of all six hydrogen isotopologues. The focus of this research was set on producing a tool that can be implemented in virtually any existing setup providing in situ process control and analytics. The \u201cmicro Raman (\u00b5RA)\u201d system is completely fiber-coupled for an easy setup consisting of (i) a spectrometer\/CCD unit, (ii) a 532 nm laser, and (iii) a commercial Raman head coupled with a newly developed, tritium-compatible all-metal sealed DN16CF flange\/Raman window serving as the process interface. To simplify the operation, we developed our own software suite for instrument control, data acquisition, and data evaluation in real-time. We have given a detailed description of the system, showing the system\u2019s capabilities in terms of the lower level of detection, and presented the results of a dedicated campaign using the accurate reference mixtures of all of the hydrogen isotopologues benchmarking \u00b5RA against two of the most sensitive Raman systems for tritium operation. Due to its modular nature, modifications that allow for the detection of various other gas species can be easily implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"3952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["\u00b5RA\u2014A New Compact Easy-to-Use Raman System for All Hydrogen Isotopologues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Priester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-4512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Marsteller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Niemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Tuchscherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Welte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2012.09.006","article-title":"TriToP\u2014A compatibility experiment with turbomolecular pumps under tritium atmosphere","volume":"98","author":"Priester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rossmassler, R.L. (October, January 30). TFTR tritium gas chromatography system. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Fusion Engineering, Champaign, IL, USA. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/stamp\/stamp.jsp?arnumber=534291."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.13182\/FST02-A22642","article-title":"Use of Gas Chromatography in the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe","volume":"41","author":"Glugla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fusion Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"L\u00e4sser, R., and Gr\u00fcnhagen, S. (2003). Gas Chromatography at the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH. Available online: https:\/\/publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu\/270055409\/3814408."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemes, S., Telle, H.H., Bornschein, B., Fasselt, L., Gr\u00f6\u00dfle, R., Priester, F., Schl\u00f6sser, M., Sturm, M., Welte, S., and Zeller, G. (2021). Accurate reference gas mixtures containing tritiated molecules: Their production and raman-based analysis. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186170"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Niemes, S. (2021). Calibration of a Laser-Raman-System Using Gas Samples of All Hydrogen Isotopologues for KATRIN. [Ph.D. Thesis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)]."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"555","article-title":"Raman Spectroscopy at the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe","volume":"67","author":"Bornschein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fusion Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"The KATRIN Collaboration, Aker, M., Altenm\u00fcller, K., Amsbaugh, J.F., Arenz, M., Babutzka, M., Bast, J., Bauer, S., Bechtler, H., and Beck, M. (2021). The design, construction, and commissioning of the KATRIN experiment. JINST, 16, T08015."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.13182\/FST05-A924","article-title":"The Closed Tritium Cycle of the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe","volume":"48","author":"Besserer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fusion Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandenabeele, P. (2013). Practical Raman Spectroscopy\u2014An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119961284"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4283","article-title":"Accurate depolarization ratio measurements for all diatomic hydrogen isotopologues. Depolarization ratios for all diatomic hydrogen isotopologues","volume":"44","author":"James","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1366\/14-07748","article-title":"Relative Intensity Correction of Raman Systems with National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 2242 in 90\u00b0-Scattering Geometry","volume":"69","author":"Rupp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2012.11.022","article-title":"Accurate calibration of the laser Raman system for the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment","volume":"1044","author":"Rupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1746727","article-title":"Thermodynamic functions for tritium and tritium hydride. The equilibrium of tritium and hydrogen with tritium hydride. The dissociation of tritium and tritium hydride","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3952\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:17:09Z","timestamp":1760138229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22103952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22103952","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]}}}