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However, the spectrum-sensing performance may be significantly decreased by the phase deviations among different satellite clusters, where the deviations may be caused by the movement and the perturbation of satellites. To eliminate such a decrement, we propose a cooperative spectrum-sensing scheme in the presence of phase deviations, where the deviations are alleviated by a special two-stage phase synchronization. Specifically, the phase compensation is first performed relying on broadcasting reference signals and the ephemeris, to address the challenges of the deviations caused by the movement. Then, a two-bit feedback algorithm, having a dynamic disturbance step size, is further adopted for controlling and mitigating the deviations caused by the perturbation. Additionally, we provide the closed-form expression of the correct detection probability of the proposed spectrum-sensing scheme, using the specially derived probability density function of the sum of the shadowed-Rician random variables with independently identical distribution. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve the best spectrum-sensing performance, comparing with the traditional energy detection, eigenvalue ratio test and the generalized likelihood ratio test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22113983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"3983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distributed-Satellite-Clusters-Based Spectrum Sensing with Two-Stage Phase Alignment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0836-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication and Networks National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication and Networks National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"College of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication and Networks National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gengxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication and Networks National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2020.12.011","article-title":"System integration of terrestrial mobile communication and satellite communication \u2014the trends, challenges and key technologies in B5G and 6G","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161396","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3020846","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Satellite Terrestrial Networks","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadler, B., Penna, F., and Garello, R. 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