{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T23:57:14Z","timestamp":1784246234208,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) under the initiative Departments of Excellence","award":["Law 232\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Law 232\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents an overview of the main strategies that have been proposed for non-invasive monitoring of heart rate (HR) in extramural and home settings. We discuss three categories of sensing according to what physiological effect is used to measure the pulsatile activity of the heart, and we focus on an illustrative sensing modality for each of them. Therefore, electrocardiography, photoplethysmography, and mechanocardiography are presented as illustrative modalities to sense electrical activity, mechanical activity, and the peripheral effect of heart activity. In this paper, we describe the physical principles underlying the three categories and the characteristics of the different types of sensors that belong to each class, and we touch upon the most used software strategies that are currently adopted to effectively and reliably extract HR. In addition, we investigate the strengths and weaknesses of each category linked to the different applications in order to provide the reader with guidelines for selecting the most suitable solution according to the requirements and constraints of the application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["An Overview of the Sensors for Heart Rate Monitoring Used in Extramural Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2416-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Galli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8824-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel J. H.","family":"Montree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2806-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhao","family":"Que","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1231-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Peri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2392-6098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rik","family":"Vullings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Venes, D. 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