{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T23:57:18Z","timestamp":1775260638764,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["U1837202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1837202"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["62175182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62175182"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["62011540006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62011540006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pharmaceutical co-crystal has attracted increasing interest due to the improvement of physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The characterization of pharmaceutical co-crystal is an integral part of the pharmaceutical field. In this paper, the low-frequency vibrational properties for carbamazepine co-crystals with nicotinamide and saccharin (CBZ-NIC and CBZ-SAC) have been characterized by combining the THz spectroscopy with low-wavenumber Raman spectroscopy. The experiment results show that, compared with the individual constituents, CBZ-NIC and CBZ-SAC co-crystals not only have different characteristic absorption peaks in the 0.3-2.5 THz region, but also have significant low-wavenumber Raman characteristic peaks in 0\u2013100 cm\u22121. Density functional theory was performed to simulate the terahertz and low-wavenumber Raman spectra of the two co-crystals, where the calculation agreed well with the measured vibrational peak positions. The vibrational modes of CBZ-NIC and CBZ-SAC co-crystals were assigned through comparing theoretical results with the experimental spectra. Meanwhile, the low-frequency infrared and\/or Raman active of characteristic peaks for such co-crystals were discussed. The results indicate the combination of THz spectroscopy and low-wavenumber Raman spectroscopy can provide more comprehensive low-frequency vibrational information for pharmaceutical co-crystals, such as collective vibration and skeleton vibration, which could play an important role in pharmaceutical science.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy Characteristic of Pharmaceutical Carbamazepine Co-Crystals with Nicotinamide and Saccharin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Meilan","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-2509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test & Measurement Laboratory, Qingdao 266555, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test & Measurement Laboratory, Qingdao 266555, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6903-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Degang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianquan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979609","article-title":"Carbamazepine clinical pharmacology: A review","volume":"28","author":"Albani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00315-4","article-title":"Physicochemical properties and bioavailability of carbamazepine polymorphs and dihydrate","volume":"193","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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