{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:31:21Z","timestamp":1772253081960,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Prevent"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manual material handling tasks in industry cause work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Exoskeletons are being introduced to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. This study investigated the effect of using a passive lumbar exoskeleton in terms of moderate ergonomic risk. Eight participants were monitored by electromyogram (EMG) and motion capture (MoCap) while performing tasks with and without the lumbar exoskeleton. The results showed a significant reduction in the root mean square (VRMS) for all muscles tracked: erector spinae (8%), semitendinosus (14%), gluteus (5%), and quadriceps (10.2%). The classic fatigue parameters showed a significant reduction in the case of the semitendinosus: 1.7% zero-crossing rate, 0.9% mean frequency, and 1.12% median frequency. In addition, the logarithm of the normalized Dimitrov\u2019s index showed reductions of 11.5, 8, and 14% in erector spinae, semitendinosus, and gluteus, respectively. The calculation of range of motion in the relevant joints demonstrated significant differences, but in almost all cases, the differences were smaller than 10%. The findings of the study indicate that the passive exoskeleton reduces muscle activity and introduces some changes of strategies for motion. Thus, EMG and MoCap appear to be appropriate measurements for designing an exoskeleton assessment procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Assessment of a Passive Lumbar Exoskeleton in Material Manual Handling Tasks under Laboratory Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Iranzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomec\u00e1nica de Valencia, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9014-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Piedrabuena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomec\u00e1nica de Valencia, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5337-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Garc\u00eda-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomec\u00e1nica de Valencia, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9133-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Martinez-de-Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda (Ci2B), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Prats-Boluda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda (Ci2B), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4043-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomec\u00e1nica de Valencia, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7648-799X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Manuel","family":"Belda-Lois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomec\u00e1nica de Valencia, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Labour Statistics (2022, May 23). Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Requiring Days Away from Work, Available online: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/news.release\/osh2.toc.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colim, A., Faria, C., Braga, A.C., Sousa, N., Rocha, L., Carneiro, P., Costa, N., and Arezes, P. (2020). Towards an Ergonomic Assessment Framework for Industrial Assembly Workstations\u2014A Case Study. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093048"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2013.04.009","article-title":"A multi-criteria ergonomic and performance methodology for evaluating alternatives in \u201cmanuable\u201d material handling","volume":"43","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130210159977","article-title":"Usability of the revised NIOSH lifting equation","volume":"45","author":"Dempsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91391-7","article-title":"Relation of Lumbar Spine Disorders to Heavy Manual Work and Lifting","volume":"1","author":"Troup","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.551","article-title":"Investigation of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in Warehouse Workers in Saudi Arabia","volume":"3","author":"Basahel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00639-6","article-title":"Perceived physical demands and reported musculoskeletal problems in registered nurses","volume":"24","author":"Trinkoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korhan, O. (2019). How Poor Workstation Design Causes Musculoskeletal Disorders: Research from QOC Matrix the Workers\u2019 Voice. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, IntechOpen. Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.85479"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"McGill, S. (2015). Low Back Disorders: Evidence-Based Prevention and Rehabilitation, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a4332","article-title":"Evaluation of Lumbar Spine Load by Computational Method in Order to Acknowledge Low-back Disorders as Occupational Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Lebeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2004.07.005","article-title":"Work factors affecting manual materials handling in a warehouse superstore","volume":"35","author":"Denis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/24725838.2018.1561557","article-title":"Potential of Exoskeleton Technologies to Enhance Safety, Health, and Performance in Construction: Industry Perspectives and Future Research Directions","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IISE Trans. Occup. Ergon. Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voilqu\u00e9, A., Masood, J., Fauroux, J., Sabourin, L., and Guezet, O. (2019, January 25\u201327). Industrial Exoskeleton Technology: Classification, Structural Analysis, and Structural Complexity Indicator. Proceedings of the 2019 Wearable Robotics Association Conference (WearRAcon), Scottsdale, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WEARRACON.2019.8719395"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-05-2018-0109","article-title":"Exoskeletons\u2014A review of industrial applications","volume":"45","author":"Bogue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Robot Int. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.07.273","article-title":"Active Exoskeleton Control Systems: State of the Art","volume":"41","author":"Anam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765257","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.765257","article-title":"Systematic Review of Back-Support Exoskeletons and Soft Robotic Suits","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/24725838.2019.1573770","article-title":"Subjective Evaluation of a Passive Industrial Exoskeleton for Lower-back Support: A Field Study in the Automotive Sector","volume":"7","author":"Hensel","year":"2019","journal-title":"IISE Trans. Occup. Ergon. Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103120","article-title":"Ergonomics assessment of passive upper-limb exoskeletons in an automotive assembly plant","volume":"87","author":"Iranzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagnara, S., Tartaglia, R., Albolino, S., Alexander, T., and Fujita, Y. (2018, January 26\u201330). Introduction and Testing of a Passive Exoskeleton in an Industrial Working Environment. Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96098-2"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Nunes, I.L. (2021, January 25\u201329). How Workers Perceive LAEVO Exoskeleton Use in Non-cyclic Tasks. Proceedings of the Advances in Human Factors and System Interactions, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, X., Lai, J., Zhu, A., Zhang, X., Zheng, Z., Zhu, H., Shi, Y., Wang, L., and Chen, Z. (2021). The Effects of a Passive Exoskeleton on Human Thermal Responses in Temperate and Cold Environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18083889"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033","article-title":"Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks","volume":"83","author":"Koopman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.05.004","article-title":"The use of exoskeletons to help with prone positioning in the intensive care unit during COVID-19","volume":"63","author":"Settembre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of a Passive Lumbar Back Exoskeleton During a Repetitive Lifting Task: Effects in Physiologic Parameters and Intersubject Variability","volume":"28","author":"Erezuma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/24725838.2019.1638331","article-title":"Occupational Exoskeletons: Overview of Their Benefits and Limitations in Preventing Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Theurel","year":"2019","journal-title":"IISE Trans. Occup. Ergon. Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesenti, M., Antonietti, A., Gandolla, M., and Pedrocchi, A. (2021). Towards a Functional Performance Validation Standard for Industrial Low-Back Exoskeletons: State of the Art Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030808"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105382","article-title":"Assessment of a passive exoskeleton system on spinal biomechanics and subjective responses during manual repetitive handling tasks among construction workers","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Natali, C., Chini, G., Toxiri, S., Monica, L., Anastasi, S., Draicchio, F., Caldwell, D.G., and Ortiz, J. (2021). Equivalent Weight: Connecting Exoskeleton Effectiveness with Ergonomic Risk during Manual Material Handling. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052677"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967940","article-title":"Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks","volume":"36","author":"Waters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2003). Ergonomics\u2014Manual Handling\u2014Part 1: Lifting and Carrying (Standard No. ISO13586)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04284-6","article-title":"SPEXOR passive spinal exoskeleton decreases metabolic cost during symmetric repetitive lifting","volume":"120","author":"Baltrusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110317","article-title":"Kinematic effects of a passive lift assistive exoskeleton","volume":"120","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.09.006","article-title":"Impact of two postural assist exoskeletons on biomechanical loading of the lumbar spine","volume":"75","author":"Picchiotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.05.018","article-title":"Influence of a passive lower-limb exoskeleton during simulated industrial work tasks on physical load, upper body posture, postural control and discomfort","volume":"80","author":"Luger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.12.003","article-title":"The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work","volume":"54","author":"Bosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000233794.31659.6d","article-title":"Muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions assessed by new spectral indices","volume":"38","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.04.004","article-title":"Myoelectric manifestations of fatigue at low contraction levels in subjects with and without chronic pain","volume":"17","author":"Kallenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00063-4","article-title":"An estimation of the influence of force decrease on the mean power spectral frequency shift of the EMG during repetitive maximum dynamic knee extensions","volume":"13","author":"Karlsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631491","article-title":"Evaluation of a Trunk Supporting Exoskeleton for reducing Muscle Fatigue","volume":"63","author":"Poon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.08.006","article-title":"The effect of an on-body personal lift assist device (PLAD) on fatigue during a repetitive lifting task","volume":"19","author":"Lotz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.05.008","article-title":"Testing the efficacy of an ergonomic lifting aid at diminishing muscular fatigue in women over a prolonged period of lifting","volume":"39","author":"Godwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2018.08.013","article-title":"On-body personal assist suit for commercial farming: Effect on heart rate, EMG, trunk movements, and user acceptance during digging","volume":"68","author":"Dewi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2009.03.011","article-title":"EMG spectral indices and muscle power fatigue during dynamic contractions","volume":"20","author":"Malanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00046-9","article-title":"Amplitude-related characteristics of motor unit and M-wave potentials during fatigue. A simulation study using literature data on intracellular potential changes found in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Dimitrova","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-mulla, M., Sepulveda, F., and Colley, M. (2012). sEMG Techniques to Detect and Predict Localised Muscle Fatigue, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.3390\/s110403545"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.02.019","article-title":"Electromyographic models to assess muscle fatigue","volume":"22","author":"Malanda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, A., Colim, A., and Sousa, N. (2020). The Effects of a Passive Exoskeleton on Muscle Activity and Discomfort in Industrial Tasks. Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health II, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41486-3_26"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/24725838.2019.1626303","article-title":"Back-Support Exoskeletons for Occupational Use: An Overview of Technological Advances and Trends","volume":"7","author":"Toxiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"IISE Trans. Occup. Ergon. Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102897","article-title":"Understanding outcome metrics of the revised NIOSH lifting equation","volume":"81","author":"Fox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2022, May 05). Ergo\/IBV\u2013English. Available online: https:\/\/www.ergoibv.com\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Waters, T.R., Putz-Anderson, V., and Garg, A. (1994). Applications Manual for the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Waters, T.R. (2012). Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation. Occupational Ergonomics, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2009). Safety of Machinery\u2014Human Physical Performance\u2014Part 2: Manual Handling of Machinery and Component Parts of Machinery (Standard No. UNE-EN 1005-2:2004+A1:2009)."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108964855","article-title":"The design of manual handling tasks: Revised tables of maximum acceptable weights and forces","volume":"34","author":"Snook","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures","volume":"10","author":"Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kra\u0161na, S., \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107, S., Hribernik, M., and Trajkovski, A. (2017). A Novel Approach to Measuring Muscle Mechanics in Vehicle Collision Conditions. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061389"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(98)00009-1","article-title":"Frequency response of spine extensors during rapid isometric contractions: Effects of muscle length and tension","volume":"8","author":"Brereton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying Test-Retest Reliability Using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"De Rosario-Martinez, H., Fox, J., and Team, R.C. (2022, May 23). phia: Post-Hoc Interaction Analysis. R Package Version 0.2-1. Available online: http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/phia\/."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"De Rosario, H. (2022, May 23). Analysing Interactions of Fitted Models. Available online: http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/phia\/vignettes\/."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"65","article-title":"A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Champely, S., Ekstrom, C., Dalgaard, P., Gill, J., Weibelzahl, S., Anandkumar, A., Ford, C., Volcic, R., and De Rosario, H. (2022, May 23). pwr: Basic Functions for Power Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/pwr\/."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"704","article-title":"Analysis of Active Back-Support Exoskeleton During Manual Load-Lifting Tasks","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazzaroni, M., Poliero, T., Sposito, M., Toxiri, S., Caldwell, D.G., Di Natali, C., and Ortiz, J. (2021). Back-Support Exoskeleton Control Strategy for Pulling Activities: Design and Preliminary Evaluation. Designs, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/designs5030039"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.01.038","article-title":"Effectiveness of an on-body lifting aid (HAL\u00ae for care support) to reduce lower back muscle activity during repetitive lifting tasks","volume":"63","author":"Glinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam9145","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam9145","article-title":"A lower-extremity exoskeleton improves knee extension in children with crouch gait from cerebral palsy","volume":"9","author":"Lerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.11.005","article-title":"Adaptive ankle exoskeleton gait training demonstrates acute neuromuscular and spatiotemporal benefits for individuals with cerebral palsy: A pilot study","volume":"95","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046039","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abf0d5","article-title":"Effects of an exoskeleton-assisted gait training on post-stroke lower-limb muscle coordination","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rampichini, S., Vieira, T.M., Castiglioni, P., and Merati, G. (2020). Complexity Analysis of Surface Electromyography for Assessing the Myoelectric Manifestation of Muscle Fatigue: A Review. Entropy, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/e22050529"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/11\/4060\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:19:41Z","timestamp":1760138381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/11\/4060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s22114060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22114060","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202204.0024.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]}}}